Sararin 3D da wani abu ko sinadari ke mamayewa. Adadi ne da aka samo daga SI wanda ake auna shi a cikin mita masu kubik (m³).

Dangantakar Tushe ta SI: 1 m³ = (1 m)³. Lita ba raka'ar SI ba ce amma an yarda da amfani da ita tare da SI.

Kwalkwali mai gefe 1 m yana da girman 1 m³ (lita 1000).

Girman da za a iya amfani da shi na wani akwati. A aikace, ikon amsa ≈ girman, amma ikon amsa yana jaddada riƙewa da amfani mai amfani (layin cikawa, sararin sama).

Raka'o'in gama gari: lita (L), mililita (mL), galan, kwata, pint, kofi, cokali, karamin cokali.

Ana iya cika kwalbar lita 1 zuwa lita 0.95 don ba da damar sararin sama (alamar ikon amsa).

Wayewar farko sun yi amfani da kwantena na halitta da ma'auni na jiki. Tsarin Masar, Mesopotamiya, da na Roma sun daidaita girman tasoshin don kasuwanci da haraji.

• Mesopotamiya: Tasoshin yumɓu masu daidaitaccen ƙarfi don adana hatsi da rabon giya
• Masar: Hekat (4.8 L) na hatsi, hin na ruwaye - yana da alaƙa da hadayu na addini
• Roma: Amphora (26 L) don cinikin giya da man zaitun a duk faɗin daular
• Littafi Mai Tsarki: Bath (22 L), hin, da log don dalilai na al'ada da na kasuwanci

Kungiyoyin kasuwanci da sarakuna sun tilasta daidaitattun girman ganga, bushel, da galan. Bambance-bambancen yanki sun ci gaba amma a hankali an sami daidaito.

• Gangar giya: ma'aunin lita 225 ya bayyana a Bordeaux, har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau
• Gangar giya: galan giyar Ingilishi (282 ml) da galan giya (231 in³)
• Bushel na hatsi: Bushel na Winchester ya zama ma'aunin Burtaniya (36.4 L)
• Ma'aunin kantin magani: Daidaitattun girman ruwa don shirya magunguna

Juyin Juya Halin Faransa ya kirkiro lita a matsayin decimeter mai kubik 1. Tushen kimiyya ya maye gurbin ma'auni na son rai, wanda ya ba da damar kasuwanci da bincike na duniya.

• 1795: An ayyana lita a matsayin 1 dm³ (daidai 0.001 m³)
• 1879: An kafa samfurin lita na duniya a birnin Paris
• 1901: An sake ayyana lita a matsayin nauyin ruwa 1 kg (1.000028 dm³)
• 1964: Lita ta koma daidai 1 dm³, wanda ya kawo karshen rashin daidaito
• 1979: An yarda da lita (L) a hukumance don amfani da raka'o'in SI

A yau, mita masu kubik na SI da lita sun mamaye kimiyya da yawancin kasuwanci. Amurka da Burtaniya suna riƙe da ma'aunin ruwa/busasshe na al'ada don kayayyakin masarufi, wanda ke haifar da rikitaccen tsarin biyu.

• Kasashe sama da 195 suna amfani da tsarin awo na metric don auna doka da kasuwanci
• Amurka tana amfani da duka biyun: lita don lemun kwalba, galan don madara da man fetur
• Giyar Burtaniya: pint a mashaya, lita a kantuna - kiyaye al'adu
• Sufurin jiragen sama/ruwa: Tsarin gauraye (man fetur a lita, tsayi a ƙafa)

• Pint fam ne a duk duniya: 1 pint na ruwan Amurka ≈ fam 1 (a 62°F)
• Lita ≈ Kwata: 1 L = 1.057 qt (lita ya ɗan fi girma)
• Tsarin galan: 1 gal = 4 qt = 8 pt = 16 kofuna = 128 fl oz
• Kofunan metric: 250 ml (zagaye), kofunan Amurka: 236.6 ml (ba dadi)
• Dakin gwaje-gwaje: 1 ml = 1 cc = 1 cm³ (daidai daidai)
• Gangar mai: galan 42 na Amurka (mai sauƙin tunawa)

Ruwaye suna faɗaɗa lokacin da aka yi zafi. Auna daidai yana buƙatar gyaran zafin jiki, musamman ga mai da sinadarai.

• Ruwa: 1.000 L a 4°C → 1.003 L a 25°C (fadada 0.29%)
• Man fetur: ~2% canjin girma tsakanin 0°C da 30°C
• Ethanol: ~1% a kowane canjin zafin jiki na 10°C
• Yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun: An daidaita kwalaben awo a 20°C ± 0.1°C
• Masu rarraba mai: Famfun da aka biya diyya na zafin jiki suna daidaita girman da aka nuna

• Rudun pint na Amurka da na Burtaniya (473 da 568 ml = kuskuren 20%)
• Amfani da ma'aunin ruwa don busassun kayayyaki (yawa na gari ya bambanta)
• Yin la'akari da ml da cc a matsayin daban (suna daidai)
• Yin watsi da zafin jiki: 1 L a 4°C ≠ 1 L a 90°C
• Busassun galan da ruwa: Amurka tana da duka biyun (4.40 L da 3.79 L)
• Manta da sararin sama: Alamar ikon amsa tana ba da damar fadada

• Koyaushe ƙayyade tsarin: kofin Amurka, pint na Burtaniya, lita na metric
• Yi rikodin zafin jiki don auna daidai na ruwaye
• Yi amfani da gilashin Class A don daidaito na ±0.1% a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje
• Duba daidaitawa: Pipettes da silinda masu digiri suna zamewa akan lokaci
• Yi lissafin meniscus: Karanta a matakin ido a kasan ruwa
• Takarda rashin tabbas: ±1 ml don silinda mai digiri, ±0.02 ml don pipette

Raka'ar Tushe: mita mai kubik (m³) | Mai amfani: lita (L) = 1 dm³

Lita da mililita sun mamaye rayuwar yau da kullun; mita masu kubik suna wakiltar manyan girma. Daidaitaccen ainihi: 1 L = 1 dm³ = 0.001 m³.

Kimiyya, injiniyanci, magani, da kayayyakin masarufi a duk duniya.

• mililita

  Aikin bututu na dakin gwaje-gwaje, allurar magani, abubuwan sha
• lita

  Abubuwan sha na kwalba, tattalin arzikin mai, ikon amsa na'urori
• mita mai siffar sukari

  Girman ɗakuna, tankuna, adana kayayyaki, HVAC

Raka'ar Tushe: galan na Amurka (gal)

An ayyana shi daidai da 231 in³ = 3.785411784 L. Rarrabuwa: 1 gal = 4 qt = 8 pt = 16 kofuna = 128 fl oz.

Abubuwan sha, mai, girke-girke, da marufi na sayarwa a Amurka.

• oza na ruwa (Amurka) – 29.5735295625 mL

  Abubuwan sha, syrups, kofunan allura
• kofi (Amurka) – 236.5882365 mL

  Girke-girke da alamun abinci (duba kuma kofin metric = 250 ml)
• pint (ruwan Amurka) – 473.176473 mL

  Abubuwan sha, marufin ice cream
• kwata (ruwan Amurka) – 946.352946 mL

  Madara, broth, ruwayen mota
• galan (Amurka) – 3.785 L

  Man fetur, jug na madara, ruwayen da ba a tattara ba

Raka'ar Tushe: galan na Imperial (gal UK)

An ayyana shi daidai da 4.54609 L. Rarrabuwa: 1 gal = 4 qt = 8 pt = 160 fl oz.

Abubuwan sha na Burtaniya/Ireland (pints), wasu mahallan Commonwealth; ba a amfani da su don farashin mai (lita).

• oza na ruwa (Burtaniya) – 28.4130625 mL

  Abubuwan sha da ma'aunin mashaya (na tarihi/na yanzu)
• pint (Burtaniya) – 568.26125 mL

  Giya da cider a mashaya
• galan (Burtaniya) – 4.546 L

  Ma'aunin tarihi; yanzu lita a cikin sayarwa/mai

Raka'ar Tushe: bushel na Amurka (bu)

Ma'aunin busasshe na kayayyaki ne (hatsi). 1 bu = 2150.42 in³ ≈ 35.23907 L. Rarrabuwa: 1 pk = 1/4 bu.

Noma, kasuwannin amfanin gona, kayayyaki.

• bushel (Amurka)

  Hatsi, tuffa, masara
• peck (Amurka)

  Amfanin gona a kasuwanni
• galan (busasshen Amurka)

  Ba a cika amfani da shi ba; an samo shi daga bushel

Raka'ar Tushe: Bushel na Imperial

Ma'aunin Burtaniya; lura cewa galan na Imperial (4.54609 L) iri ɗaya ne ga ruwa da busasshe. Amfani na tarihi/iyakantacce na zamani.

Noma da kasuwancin tarihi a Burtaniya.

• bushel (Burtaniya)

  Ma'aunin hatsi na tarihi
• peck (Burtaniya)

  Ma'aunin amfanin gona na tarihi

Girke-girke da abubuwan sha

Girman kofuna ya bambanta: na al'ada na Amurka ≈ 236.59 ml, na doka na Amurka = 240 ml, na metric = 250 ml, na Burtaniya (na tarihi) = 284 ml. Koyaushe duba mahallin.

• Kofin metric – 250 ml
• Kofin Amurka – 236.5882365 ml
• Cokali (Amurka) – 14.78676478125 ml; (metric) 15 ml
• Karamin cokali (Amurka) – 4.92892159375 ml; (metric) 5 ml
• Jigger / Shot – ma'aunin mashaya na gama gari (nau'ikan 44 ml / 30 ml)

Masana'antar makamashi

Ana sayar da mai da kuma jigilar shi a cikin ganguna da drum; ma'anoni sun bambanta da yanki da kaya.

• Ganga (mai) – galan 42 na Amurka ≈ 158.987 L
• Ganga (giya) – ≈ 117.35 L (Amurka)
• Ganga (ruwan Amurka) – galan 31.5 ≈ 119.24 L
• Mita mai kubik (m³) – bututun mai da tankuna suna amfani da m³; 1 m³ = 1000 L
• Ikon amsa na jirgin ruwan VLCC – ≈ 200,000–320,000 m³ (misali kewayon)

Kayan aiki da ajiyar kaya

Manyan kwantena da marufi na masana'antu suna amfani da raka'o'in girma na musamman.

• TEU – Raka'ar daidai da ƙafa ashirin ≈ 33.2 m³
• FEU – Raka'ar daidai da ƙafa arba'in ≈ 67.6 m³
• IBC Tote – ≈ 1 m³
• Drum na galan 55 – ≈ 208.2 L
• Igiyar (itacen wuta) – 3.6246 m³
• Ton na rajista – 2.8317 m³
• Ton na awo – 1.1327 m³

Kwalbar giya ta 750 ml ta zama ma'auni saboda akwatin kwalabe 12 = lita 9, wanda ya dace da ma'aunin ganga na gargajiya na Faransa. Hakanan, ana ɗaukar 750 ml a matsayin girman hidima mai dacewa ga mutane 2-3 a lokacin cin abinci.

Pint na Burtaniya (568 ml) ya fi pint na Amurka (473 ml) girma da 20%. Wannan yana nufin masu zuwa mashaya na Burtaniya suna samun ƙarin 95 ml a kowane pint—kusan ƙarin pint 3 a cikin zagaye 16! Bambancin ya samo asali ne daga ma'anoni daban-daban na galan a tarihi.

Daga 1901-1964, an ayyana lita a matsayin girman ruwa 1 kg (1.000028 dm³), wanda ya haifar da ɗan ƙaramin bambanci na 0.0028%. A cikin 1964, an sake ayyana shi zuwa daidai 1 dm³ don kawar da ruɗani. Wani lokaci ana kiran tsohuwar lita da 'liter ancien'.

A cikin 1866, masu samar da mai na Pennsylvania sun daidaita ganguna na galan 42 saboda sun dace da girman ganguna da ake amfani da su don kifi da sauran kayayyaki, wanda hakan ya sa su kasance cikin sauƙi kuma sananne ga masu jigilar kaya. Wannan zaɓin bazuwar ya zama ma'aunin masana'antar mai ta duniya.

Ruwa ba na yau da kullun ba ne: yana da yawa a 4°C. Sama da ƙasa da wannan zafin jiki, yana faɗaɗa. Lita ɗaya na ruwa a 4°C ya zama 1.0003 L a 25°C. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa gilashin awo yana ƙayyadadden zafin jiki na daidaitawa (yawanci 20°C).

Mita mai kubik ɗaya daidai yake da lita 1000. Kwalkwali mai gefe ɗaya yana ɗaukar girman daidai da kwalaben giya 1000 na yau da kullun, gwangwanin lemun kwalba 2816, ko kuma IBC tote ɗaya. Wannan kyakkyawar dangantakar metric tana sa sikelin ya zama maras muhimmanci.

Acre-kafa ɗaya (1233.48 m³) ruwa ne da ya isa ya rufe filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka (ban da wuraren ƙarshe) zuwa zurfin kafa 1. Acre-kafa ɗaya zai iya samar da ruwa ga gidaje 2-3 na yau da kullun na Amurka na tsawon shekara guda.

Kofi' ya bambanta sosai: na al'ada na Amurka (236.59 ml), na doka na Amurka (240 ml), na metric (250 ml), na Imperial na Burtaniya (284 ml), da na Japan (200 ml). Lokacin yin burodi a duniya, koyaushe a canza zuwa gram ko mililita don daidaito!

• microlita

  Bututun awo, bincike, ilimin halittar kwayoyin halitta
• nanolita

  Microfluidics, gwaje-gwajen digo
• santimita mai siffar sukari (cc)

  Ya zama ruwan dare a fannin likitanci; 1 cc = 1 ml

• inci mai siffar sukari

  Matsawar inji, ƙananan sassa
• kafa mai siffar sukari

  Girman iskar ɗaki, samar da iskar gas
• yadi mai siffar sukari

  Siminti, gyaran shimfidar wuri
• acre-kafa

  Albarkatun ruwa da ban ruwa

An daidaita tasoshin yumɓu na Mesopotamiya don rabon giya da adana hatsi

An kafa hekat na Masar (≈4.8 L) don auna harajin hatsi

Amphora na Girka (39 L) ya zama ma'auni don cinikin giya da man zaitun

An daidaita amphora na Roma (26 L) a duk faɗin daular don haraji

Dokar Gurasar da Giyar Ingilishi ta daidaita girman galan da ganga

An ayyana galan giya (231 in³) a Ingila, wanda daga baya ya zama galan na Amurka

Juyin Juya Halin Faransa ya kirkiro lita a matsayin decimeter mai kubik 1 (1 dm³)

An ayyana galan Imperial (4.54609 L) a Burtaniya bisa ga fam 10 na ruwa

An daidaita ganga mai a galan 42 na Amurka (158.987 L) a Pennsylvania

Amurka ta ayyana galan a matsayin inci 231 masu kubik (3.785 L) a bisa doka

An sake ayyana lita a matsayin girman ruwa 1 kg (1.000028 dm³)—yana haifar da ruɗani

An sake ayyana lita zuwa daidai 1 dm³, wanda ya kawo karshen rashin daidaito na shekaru 63

Burtaniya ta fara amfani da tsarin awo na metric; mashaya sun riƙe pint saboda buƙatar jama'a

CGPM ta yarda da lita (L) a hukumance don amfani da raka'o'in SI

FDA na Amurka ta daidaita 'kofi' zuwa 240 ml don alamun abinci (sabanin 236.59 ml na al'ada)

Masana'antar abin sha ta duniya ta daidaita: gwangwani na 330 ml, kwalabe na 500 ml da 1 L

Tsarin awo na metric ya mamaye duniya; Amurka/Burtaniya suna riƙe da raka'o'in gargajiya don asalin al'adu

• Sheng (升) – 1 L (Sin)
• Dou (斗) – 10 L (Sin)
• Shō (升 Japan) – 1.8039 L
• Gō (合 Japan) – 0.18039 L
• Koku (石 Japan) – 180.391 L

• Vedro – 12.3 L
• Shtof – 1.23 L
• Charka – 123 ml

• Almude (Portugal) – ≈ 16.5 L
• Cántaro (Spain) – ≈ 16.1 L
• Fanega (Spain) – ≈ 55.5 L
• Arroba (ruwa) – ≈ 15.62 L

• Amphora – ≈ 26.026 L
• Modius – ≈ 8.738 L
• Sextarius – ≈ 0.546 L
• Hemina – ≈ 0.273 L
• Cyathus – ≈ 45.5 ml

• Amphora – ≈ 39.28 L

• Bath – ≈ 22 L
• Hin – ≈ 3.67 L
• Log – ≈ 0.311 L
• Cab – ≈ 1.22 L

Daidaiton girke-girke ya dogara ne akan daidaitattun ma'aunin kofuna/cokali da girman da aka gyara da zafin jiki.

• Yin burodi: Yi amfani da gram don gari; 1 kofi ya bambanta da zafi da tattarawa
• Ruwaye: 1 cokali (Amurka) ≈ 14.79 ml da 15 ml (metric)
• Espresso: Ana auna kofuna a ml; kumfa yana buƙatar sararin sama

Cocktails suna amfani da jiggers (1.5 oz / 45 ml) da pony shots (1 oz / 30 ml).

• Classic sour: 60 ml tushe, 30 ml citrus, 22 ml syrup
• Pint na Burtaniya da na Amurka: 568 ml da 473 ml – menus dole ne su nuna yankin
• Kumfa da sararin sama suna shafar layin zubawa

Daidaiton microliter, gilashin da aka daidaita, da girman da aka gyara da zafin jiki suna da mahimmanci.

• Aikin bututu: kewayon 10 µL–1000 µL tare da daidaito na ±1%
• Sirinji: 1 cc = 1 ml a cikin allurar magani
• Kwalaben awo: Daidaitawa a 20 °C

Zaɓin kwantena da abubuwan cikawa sun dogara ne akan ma'aunin girma da marufi.

• Palletization: Zaɓi ganguna da kwantena na IBC bisa ga 200 L da 1000 L
• Amfani da TEU: 33.2 m³ na suna, amma girman amfani na ciki ya fi ƙanƙanta
• Abubuwa masu haɗari: Iyakokin cikawa suna barin sarari don fadada

Tafkuna, ban ruwa, da shirin fari suna amfani da acre-feet da mita masu kubik.

• Ban ruwa: 1 acre-kafa yana rufe acre 1 da zurfin kafa 1
• Shirin birni: Girman tanki a m³ tare da matattarar buƙatu
• Ruwan sama: Girman riƙewa a cikin dubban m³

Tankunan abin hawa, masu rarraba mai, da DEF/AdBlue sun dogara ne akan lita da galan tare da auna doka.

• Tankin motar fasinja ≈ 45–70 L
• Famfon man fetur na Amurka: farashi a kowane galan; EU: a kowane lita
• Cika DEF/AdBlue: jug na 5–20 L

Ana auna girman tasoshin fermentation da tsufa da girma; an shirya sararin sama don krausen da CO₂.

• Giyar gida: 19 L (5 gal) carboy
• Gangar giya: 225 L; puncheon: 500 L
• Mai fermentation na masana'antar giya: 20–100 hL

Magani, allura, da girman famfo sun dogara ne akan daidaitaccen girman ruwa.

• Wurin wanka na bayan gida: 40–60 m³
• Canjin ruwan akwatin kifi: 10–20% na tankin lita 200
• Allurar sinadarai da mg/L da aka ninka da girma

• Tabbatar da tsarin: galan/pint/fl oz na Amurka da na Imperial sun bambanta
• Kula da ma'aunin ruwa da busasshe: Raka'o'in busasshe suna aiki ga kayayyaki, ba ruwaye ba
• Yi amfani da mililita/lita don bayyanawa a cikin girke-girke da alamomi
• Yi amfani da girman da aka gyara da zafin jiki: Ruwaye suna faɗaɗa/raguwa
• Don yin burodi, canza zuwa nauyi (gram) idan zai yiwu
• Bayyana zato (kofin Amurka 236.59 ml da kofin metric 250 ml)

• Rudun pint na Amurka da na Burtaniya (473 ml da 568 ml) – kuskuren 20%
• Yin la'akari da oz na ruwa na Amurka da na Imperial a matsayin daidai
• Amfani da kofin doka na Amurka (240 ml) da kofin al'ada na Amurka (236.59 ml) ba daidai ba
• Amfani da galan busasshe ga ruwaye
• Haɗa ml da cc a matsayin raka'o'i daban-daban (suna daidai)
• Yin watsi da sararin sama da kumfa a cikin shirin ikon amsa

Lita ba raka'ar SI ba ce amma an yarda da amfani da ita tare da SI. Daidai yake da decimeter mai kubik 1 (1 dm³).

Sun samo asali ne daga ma'auni daban-daban na tarihi: pint na Amurka ≈ 473.176 ml, pint na Burtaniya ≈ 568.261 ml.

Girman sarari ne na lissafi; ikon amsa shine girman da za a iya amfani da shi na akwati, sau da yawa ya ɗan ƙarami don ba da damar sararin sama.

Ee. 1 santimita mai kubik (cc) daidai yake da mililita 1 (ml).

A'a. Na al'ada na Amurka ≈ 236.59 ml, na doka na Amurka = 240 ml, na metric = 250 ml, na Burtaniya (na tarihi) = 284 ml.

Raka'ar girma da ake amfani da ita a albarkatun ruwa: girman da ake buƙata don rufe acre 1 zuwa zurfin kafa 1 (≈1233.48 m³).