Mai Canza Karfi
Karfi — Daga Tuffar Newton zuwa Ramukan Baƙaƙe
Jagoranci raka'o'in karfi a fannin injiniyanci, kimiyyar lissafi, da sararin samaniya. Daga newton zuwa fam-karfi, dynes zuwa karfin nauyi, canza da ƙarfin gwiwa kuma ku fahimci ma'anar lambobin.
Tushen Karfi
Dokar Newton ta Biyu
F = ma shine tushen motsi. 1 newton yana saurin tafiyar 1 kg a 1 m/s². Kowane karfi da kake ji shine nauyi da ke adawa da saurin tafiya.
- 1 N = 1 kg·m/s²
- Karfi sau biyu → saurin tafiya sau biyu
- Karfi vekta ce (tana da alkibla)
- Net karfi ne ke ƙayyade motsi
Karfi vs Nauyi
Nauyi karfin jan hankali ne: W = mg. Nauyinka a ko'ina ɗaya ne, amma nauyin jikinka yana canzawa da karfin jan hankali. A kan wata, nauyinka 1/6 ne na nauyinka a Duniya.
- Nauyi (kg) ≠ Nauyin jiki (N)
- Nauyin jiki = nauyi × karfin jan hankali
- 1 kgf = 9.81 N a Duniya
- Rashin nauyi a sararin samaniya = har yanzu kana da nauyi
Nau'ikan Karfi
Karfin saduwa yana taɓa abubuwa (gogayya, tashin hankali). Karfin da ba na saduwa ba yana aiki daga nesa (jan hankali, maganadisu, lantarki).
- Tashin hankali yana ja a kan igiyoyi/wayoyi
- Gogayya tana adawa da motsi
- Karfin al'ada yana tsaye a kan saman
- Jan hankali koyaushe yana jawo, ba ya tunkudewa
- 1 newton = karfin da ake buƙata don saurin tafiyar 1 kg a 1 m/s²
- Karfi = nauyi × saurin tafiya (F = ma)
- Nauyin jiki karfi ne, nauyi ba karfi ba ne (W = mg)
- Ana haɗa karfi a matsayin vekta (girma + alkibla)
Bayanin Tsarin Raka'o'i
SI/Mita — Cikakke
Newton (N) shine tushen raka'ar SI. An ayyana shi daga tsayayyun abubuwa na asali: kg, m, s. Ana amfani da shi a dukkan ayyukan kimiyya.
- 1 N = 1 kg·m/s² (daidai)
- kN, MN don manyan karfi
- mN, µN don aiki mai daidaito
- Na duniya a fannin injiniyanci/kimiyyar lissafi
Raka'o'in Jan Hankali
Raka'o'in karfi da suka dogara da karfin jan hankali na Duniya. 1 kgf = karfin da ake buƙata don riƙe 1 kg a kan karfin jan hankali. Mai sauƙin fahimta amma ya dogara da wuri.
- kgf = kilogram-karfi = 9.81 N
- lbf = fam-karfi = 4.45 N
- tonf = ton-karfi (mita/gajere/dogo)
- Karfin jan hankali yana canzawa ±0.5% a Duniya
CGS & na Musamman
Dyne (CGS) don ƙananan karfi: 1 dyne = 10⁻⁵ N. Ba a cika amfani da poundal (cikakken na daular) ba. Karfin atam/Planck don sikelin ƙwayoyin halitta.
- 1 dyne = 1 g·cm/s²
- Poundal = 1 lb·ft/s² (cikakke)
- Raka'ar atam ≈ 8.2×10⁻⁸ N
- Karfin Planck ≈ 1.2×10⁴⁴ N
Kimiyyar Lissafi na Karfi
Dokokin Newton Uku
Na 1: Abubuwa suna adawa da canji (rashin motsi). Na 2: F=ma yana auna shi. Na 3: Kowane aiki yana da martani daidai kuma akasin haka.
- Dokar 1: Babu net karfi → babu saurin tafiya
- Dokar 2: F = ma (yana ayyana newton)
- Dokar 3: Ma'auratan aiki-martani
- Dokokin suna hasashen dukkan motsin gargajiya
Haɗin Vekta
Ana haɗa karfi a matsayin vekta, ba a matsayin jimla mai sauƙi ba. Karfi biyu na 10 N a kusurwar 90° suna haifar da 14.1 N (√200), ba 20 N ba.
- Ana buƙatar girma + alkibla
- Yi amfani da ka'idar Pythagorean don tsaye
- Ana haɗa/rage karfin da ke tafiya tare kai tsaye
- Daidaito: net karfi = 0
Karfin Asali
Karfi huɗu na asali ne ke mulkin sararin samaniya: jan hankali, wutar lantarki da maganadisu, karfin nukiliya mai ƙarfi, karfin nukiliya mai rauni. Duk sauran abubuwa haɗin gwiwa ne.
- Jan hankali: mafi rauni, nisa mara iyaka
- Wutar lantarki da maganadisu: caji, ilmin sinadarai
- Mai ƙarfi: yana ɗaure quarks a cikin proton
- Mai rauni: ruɓewar rediyoaktif
Matsayin Karfi
| Yanayi | Karfi | Bayanan kula |
|---|---|---|
| Tafiyar kwari | ~0.001 N | Sikelin micronewton |
| Danna maballi | ~1 N | Matsawar yatsa mai sauƙi |
| Musafaha | ~100 N | Riko mai ƙarfi |
| Nauyin mutum (70 kg) | ~686 N | ≈ 150 lbf |
| Karfin turawa na injin mota | ~5 kN | 100 hp a saurin babbar hanya |
| Nauyin giwa | ~50 kN | Dabba mai nauyin ton 5 |
| Karfin turawa na injin jet | ~200 kN | Na zamani na kasuwanci |
| Injin roka | ~10 MN | Babban injin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu |
| Tashin hankali na wayar gada | ~100 MN | Sikelin Golden Gate |
| Tasirin meteorite (Chicxulub) | ~10²³ N | Ya kashe dinosaur |
Kwatancen Karfi: Newton vs Fam-Karfi
| Newton (N) | Fam-Karfi (lbf) | Misali |
|---|---|---|
| 1 N | 0.225 lbf | Nauyin tuffa |
| 4.45 N | 1 lbf | Fam 1 a Duniya |
| 10 N | 2.25 lbf | Nauyin kg 1 |
| 100 N | 22.5 lbf | Musafaha mai ƙarfi |
| 1 kN | 225 lbf | Injin ƙaramar mota |
| 10 kN | 2,248 lbf | Nauyin ton 1 |
| 100 kN | 22,481 lbf | Nauyin babbar mota |
| 1 MN | 224,809 lbf | Ikon babban injin ɗaukar kaya |
Ayyukan Duniya na Gaske
Injiniyancin Gine-gine
Gine-gine suna jure wa manyan karfi: iska, girgizar ƙasa, nauyi. An tsara ginshiƙai, katako don karfin kN zuwa MN.
- Wayoyin gada: 100+ MN tashin hankali
- Ginshiƙan gini: 1-10 MN matsawa
- Iska a kan bene mai tsayi: 50+ MN gefe
- Matsayin aminci yawanci 2-3×
Sararin Samaniya & Tura
Ana auna karfin turawa na roka a meganewton. Injinan jirgin sama suna samar da kilonewton. Kowane newton yana da mahimmanci lokacin tserewa daga karfin jan hankali.
- Saturn V: 35 MN karfin turawa
- Injin Boeing 747: 280 kN kowannensu
- Falcon 9: 7.6 MN a tashin farko
- Sake turawa na ISS: 0.3 kN (ci gaba)
Injiniyancin Injin
Maƙullan juyawa, na'urorin ruwa, masu ɗaurawa duk ana kimanta su a karfi. Mahimmanci don aminci da aiki.
- Kwayoyin mota: 100-140 N·m juyawa
- Na'urar matse ruwa: 10+ MN ƙarfi
- Tashin hankali na ƙusa: kewayon kN na yau da kullun
- Matsayin bazara a N/m ko kN/m
Lissafin Canji Mai Sauri
N ↔ kgf (Mai Sauri)
Raba da 10 don kimantawa: 100 N ≈ 10 kgf (daidai: 10.2)
- 1 kgf = 9.81 N (daidai)
- 10 kgf ≈ 100 N
- 100 kgf ≈ 1 kN
- Mai Sauri: N ÷ 10 → kgf
N ↔ lbf
1 lbf ≈ 4.5 N. Raba N da 4.5 don samun lbf.
- 1 lbf = 4.448 N (daidai)
- 100 N ≈ 22.5 lbf
- 1 kN ≈ 225 lbf
- A hankali: N ÷ 4.5 → lbf
Dyne ↔ N
1 N = 100,000 dyne. Kawai matsar da maki 5.
- 1 dyne = 10⁻⁵ N
- 1 N = 10⁵ dyne
- CGS zuwa SI: ×10⁻⁵
- Ba a cika amfani da shi a yau ba
Yadda Canje-canje ke Aiki
- Mataki na 1: Canza tushe → newton ta amfani da toBase factor
- Mataki na 2: Canza newton → manufa ta amfani da toBase factor na manufa
- Madadin: Yi amfani da factor kai tsaye idan akwai (kgf → lbf: ninka da 2.205)
- Binciken lafiyayyen hankali: 1 kgf ≈ 10 N, 1 lbf ≈ 4.5 N
- Don nauyi: nauyi (kg) × 9.81 = karfi (N)
Jagorar Canje-canje na gama gari
| Daga | Zuwa | Ninka da | Misali |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | kN | 0.001 | 1000 N = 1 kN |
| kN | N | 1000 | 5 kN = 5000 N |
| N | kgf | 0.10197 | 100 N ≈ 10.2 kgf |
| kgf | N | 9.80665 | 10 kgf = 98.1 N |
| N | lbf | 0.22481 | 100 N ≈ 22.5 lbf |
| lbf | N | 4.44822 | 50 lbf ≈ 222 N |
| lbf | kgf | 0.45359 | 100 lbf ≈ 45.4 kgf |
| kgf | lbf | 2.20462 | 50 kgf ≈ 110 lbf |
| N | dyne | 100000 | 1 N = 100,000 dyne |
| dyne | N | 0.00001 | 50,000 dyne = 0.5 N |
Misalai Masu Sauri
Matsalolin da aka Warware
Canjin Karfin Tura Roka
Karfin turawa na roka na Saturn V: 35 MN. Canza zuwa fam-karfi.
35 MN = 35,000,000 N. 1 N = 0.22481 lbf. 35M × 0.22481 = miliyan 7.87 lbf
Nauyi a Duniyoyi Daban-daban
Mutum mai nauyin 70 kg. Nauyi a Duniya vs Mars (g = 3.71 m/s²)?
Duniya: 70 × 9.81 = 686 N. Mars: 70 × 3.71 = 260 N. Nauyi iri ɗaya, nauyin jiki 38%.
Tashin Hankali na Waya
Wayar gada tana ɗaukar nauyin ton 500. Menene tashin hankali a MN?
Ton 500 na mita = 500,000 kg. F = mg = 500,000 × 9.81 = 4.9 MN
Kura-kurai da za a Guji
- **Nauyi vs Nauyin jiki**: kg yana auna nauyi, N yana auna karfi. Kada a ce 'mutum 70 N'—ce 70 kg.
- **kgf ≠ kg**: 1 kgf karfi ne (9.81 N), 1 kg nauyi ne. Rikicewa yana haifar da kuskuren 10×.
- **Wuri yana da mahimmanci**: kgf/lbf suna ɗaukar karfin jan hankali na Duniya. A kan wata, 1 kg yana da nauyin 1.6 N, ba 9.81 N ba.
- **Haɗin vekta**: 5 N + 5 N na iya zama 0 (akasin haka), 7.1 (tsaye), ko 10 (alkibla ɗaya).
- **Rikicewar fam**: lb = nauyi, lbf = karfi. A Amurka, 'fam' yawanci yana nufin lbf ya danganta da yanayin.
- **Rashin amfani da dyne**: Dyne ya tsufa; yi amfani da millinewton. 10⁵ dyne = 1 N, ba mai sauƙin fahimta ba.
Gaskiya Masu Ban Sha'awa Game da Karfi
Tsoka Mafi Karfi
Tsokar tauna ta muƙamuƙi tana amfani da karfin cizo na 400 N (900 lbf). Kifi: 17 kN. Megalodon da ya ɓace: 180 kN—wanda ya isa ya murkushe mota.
Karfin Kuma
Kuma tana tsalle da karfin 0.0002 N amma tana saurin tafiya a 100g. Ƙafafunta sune maɓuɓɓugan da ke adana kuzari, suna sake shi da sauri fiye da yadda tsoka za ta iya takurawa.
Karfin Ruwan Ruwa na Ramin Baƙaƙe
Kusa da ramin baƙaƙe, karfin ruwan ruwa yana miƙe ka: ƙafafunka suna jin 10⁹ N fiye da kanka. Ana kiransa 'spaghettification'. Za a yage ka atom da atom.
Jan Hankali na Duniya
Karfin jan hankali na wata yana haifar da ruwan ruwa da karfin 10¹⁶ N a kan tekunan Duniya. Duniya tana jawo wata da 2×10²⁰ N—amma wata har yanzu yana tserewa 3.8 cm/shekara.
Karfin Silin Gizo-gizo
Silin gizo-gizo yana karyewa a kusan 1 GPa danniya. Zaren da ke da faɗin 1 mm² zai riƙe 100 kg (980 N)—wanda ya fi karfin ƙarfe idan aka kwatanta da nauyi.
Na'urar hangen nesa ta karfin atam
AFM tana jin karfi har zuwa 0.1 nanonewton (10⁻¹⁰ N). Tana iya gano kumburin atam guda ɗaya. Kamar jin ƙwayar yashi daga sararin samaniya.
Juyin Halitta na Tarihi
1687
Newton ya buga Principia Mathematica, yana ayyana karfi da F = ma da dokokin motsi guda uku.
1745
Pierre Bouguer ya auna karfin jan hankali a kan duwatsu, ya lura da bambance-bambance a fagen jan hankali na Duniya.
1798
Cavendish ya auna Duniya ta amfani da ma'aunin juyawa, yana auna karfin jan hankali tsakanin nauyi.
1873
Ƙungiyar Biritaniya ta ayyana 'dyne' (raka'ar CGS) a matsayin 1 g·cm/s². Daga baya, an karɓi newton don SI.
1948
CGPM ta ayyana newton a matsayin kg·m/s² don tsarin SI. Ya maye gurbin tsoffin kgf da raka'o'in fasaha.
1960
An karɓi SI a hukumance a duniya. Newton ya zama raka'ar karfi ta duniya don kimiyya da injiniyanci.
1986
An ƙirƙiro na'urar hangen nesa ta karfin atam, tana gano karfin piconewton. Ta kawo sauyi a fannin nanotechnology.
2019
Sake ayyana SI: yanzu an samo newton daga tsayayyen Planck. Ainihin daidai, babu wani abu na zahiri.
Shawarwari na Kwararru
- **Kimantawar kgf mai sauri**: raba newton da 10. 500 N ≈ 50 kgf (daidai: 51).
- **Nauyin jiki daga nauyi**: ninka kg da 10 don kimantawa mai sauri a N. 70 kg ≈ 700 N.
- **Hanyar tunawa da lbf**: 1 lbf kusan rabin nauyin kwalban soda lita 2 ne (4.45 N).
- **Duba raka'o'inka**: idan sakamakon ya zama 10× ba daidai ba, wataƙila ka haɗa nauyi (kg) da karfi (kgf).
- **Alkibla tana da mahimmanci**: karfi vekta ne. Koyaushe saka girma + alkibla a cikin matsaloli na gaske.
- **Sikelin bazara suna auna karfi**: sikelin wanka yana nuna kgf ko lbf (karfi), amma an yi masa lakabi da kg/lb (nauyi) bisa al'ada.
- **Rubutun kimiyya na atomatik**: dabi'un < 1 µN ko > 1 GN suna nunawa a matsayin rubutun kimiyya don sauƙin karantawa.
Cikakken Jagorar Raka'o'i
SI / Mita (Cikakke)
| Sunan Raka'a | Alama | Daidai da Newton | Bayanan Amfani |
|---|---|---|---|
| newton | N | 1 N (base) | Tushen SI don karfi; 1 N = 1 kg·m/s² (daidai). |
| kilonewton | kN | 1.000 kN | Matsayin injiniyanci; injinan mota, nauyin gine-gine. |
| meganewton | MN | 1.00e+0 N | Manyan karfi; roka, gada, na'urorin masana'antu. |
| giganewton | GN | 1.00e+3 N | Karfin tectonic, tasirin meteorite, ka'ida. |
| millinewton | mN | 1.0000 mN | Kayan aiki masu daidaito; ƙananan karfin bazara. |
| micronewton | µN | 1.000e-6 N | Sikelin micro; na'urar hangen nesa ta karfin atam, MEMS. |
| nanonewton | nN | 1.000e-9 N | Sikelin nano; karfin kwayoyin halitta, atam guda ɗaya. |
Raka'o'in Jan Hankali
| Sunan Raka'a | Alama | Daidai da Newton | Bayanan Amfani |
|---|---|---|---|
| kilogram-karfi | kgf | 9.8066 N | 1 kgf = nauyin 1 kg a Duniya (9.80665 N daidai). |
| gram-karfi | gf | 9.8066 mN | Ƙananan karfin jan hankali; ma'auni masu daidaito. |
| ton-karfi (metric) | tf | 9.807 kN | Nauyin ton na mita; 1000 kgf = 9.81 kN. |
| milligram-karfi | mgf | 9.807e-6 N | Ƙananan karfin jan hankali; ba a cika amfani da shi ba. |
| fam-karfi | lbf | 4.4482 N | Matsayin Amurka/Biritaniya; 1 lbf = 4.4482216 N (daidai). |
| ounce-karfi | ozf | 278.0139 mN | 1/16 lbf; ƙananan karfi, bazara. |
| ton-karfi (gajere, US) | tonf | 8.896 kN | Ton na Amurka (2000 lbf); kayan aiki masu nauyi. |
| ton-karfi (dogon, UK) | LT | 9.964 kN | Ton na Biritaniya (2240 lbf); jigilar kaya. |
| kip (kilofam-karfi) | kip | 4.448 kN | 1000 lbf; injiniyancin gine-gine, ƙirar gada. |
Raka'o'in Cikakken na Daular
| Sunan Raka'a | Alama | Daidai da Newton | Bayanan Amfani |
|---|---|---|---|
| poundal | pdl | 138.2550 mN | 1 lb·ft/s²; cikakken na daular, ya tsufa. |
| ounce (poundal) | oz pdl | 8.6409 mN | 1/16 poundal; na ka'ida kawai. |
Tsarin CGS
| Sunan Raka'a | Alama | Daidai da Newton | Bayanan Amfani |
|---|---|---|---|
| dyne | dyn | 1.000e-5 N | 1 g·cm/s² = 10⁻⁵ N; tsarin CGS, gado. |
| kilodyne | kdyn | 10.0000 mN | 1000 dyne = 0.01 N; ba a cika amfani da shi ba. |
| megadyne | Mdyn | 10.0000 N | 10⁶ dyne = 10 N; kalmar da ta tsufa. |
Na Musamman & na Kimiyya
| Sunan Raka'a | Alama | Daidai da Newton | Bayanan Amfani |
|---|---|---|---|
| sthène (raka'ar MKS) | sn | 1.000 kN | Raka'ar MKS = 1000 N; na tarihi. |
| grave-karfi (kilogram-karfi) | Gf | 9.8066 N | Wani suna na kilogram-karfi. |
| pond (gram-karfi) | p | 9.8066 mN | Gram-karfi; amfani a Jamus/Gabascin Turai. |
| kilopond (kilogram-karfi) | kp | 9.8066 N | Kilogram-karfi; raka'ar fasaha ta Turai. |
| crinal (decinewton) | crinal | 100.0000 mN | Decinewton (0.1 N); ba a sani ba. |
| grave (kilogram a farkon tsarin metric) | grave | 9.8066 N | Tsarin mita na farko; kilogram-karfi. |
| raka'ar karfi na atomic | a.u. | 8.239e-8 N | Karfin Hartree; kimiyyar lissafi na atam (8.2×10⁻⁸ N). |
| karfin Planck | FP | 1.21e+38 N | Sikelin jan hankali na ƙwayoyin halitta; 1.2×10⁴⁴ N (na ka'ida). |
Tambayoyi da Amsoshi
Menene bambanci tsakanin nauyi da nauyin jiki?
Nauyi (kg) shine adadin abu; nauyin jiki (N) shine karfin jan hankali akan wannan nauyin. Nauyi yana kasancewa a ko'ina; nauyin jiki yana canzawa da karfin jan hankali. Nauyinka 1/6 ne a kan wata amma kana da nauyi iri ɗaya.
Me yasa za a yi amfani da newton maimakon kgf ko lbf?
Newton cikakke ne—bai dogara da karfin jan hankali ba. kgf/lbf suna ɗaukar karfin jan hankali na Duniya (9.81 m/s²). A kan wata ko Mars, kgf/lbf ba za su yi daidai ba. Newton yana aiki a ko'ina a sararin samaniya.
Nawa karfi ne mutum zai iya amfani da shi?
Mutum na yau da kullun: 400 N turawa, 500 N ja (na ɗan lokaci). 'Yan wasa da aka horar: 1000+ N. Matsayin duniya na ɗaga nauyi: ~5000 N (~500 kg × 9.81). Karfin cizo: 400 N a matsakaici, 900 N mafi girma.
Menene kip kuma me yasa ake amfani da shi?
Kip = 1000 lbf (kilo-fam-karfi). Injiniyoyin gine-gine na Amurka suna amfani da kip don nauyin gada/gini don guje wa rubuta manyan lambobi. 50 kip = 50,000 lbf = 222 kN.
Har yanzu ana amfani da dyne?
Ba a cika ba. Dyne (raka'ar CGS) yana bayyana a tsoffin littattafan karatu. Kimiyyar zamani tana amfani da millinewton (mN). 1 mN = 100 dyne. Tsarin CGS ya tsufa sai dai a wasu fannoni na musamman.
Yaya zan canza nauyin jiki zuwa karfi?
Nauyin jiki KARFI ne. Tsari: F = mg. Misali: mutum 70 kg → 70 × 9.81 = 686 N a Duniya. A kan wata: 70 × 1.62 = 113 N. Nauyi (70 kg) ba ya canzawa.
Cikakken Jagoran Kayan Aiki
Dukan kayan aiki 71 da ke akwai a kan UNITS