Raka'ar logarithmic da ke auna matsayin matsin sauti

dB SPL (Matsayin Matsin Sauti) yana auna matsin sauti dangane da 20 µPa, matakin jin ɗan adam. Sikelin logarithmic yana nufin +10 dB = sau 10 na haɓakar matsi, +20 dB = sau 100 na haɓakar matsi, amma sau 2 kawai na ƙarfin da ake ji saboda rashin daidaituwa na jin ɗan adam.

Misali: Magana a 60 dB tana da matsi sau 1000 fiye da matakin ji a 0 dB, amma tana jin kamar sau 16 kawai ya fi ƙarfi a zahiri.

Ƙarfin zahiri a kowane yanki da igiyoyin sauti suke amfani da shi

Matsin sauti shine bambancin matsi na nan take da igiyar sauti ta haifar, ana auna shi a pascal (Pa). Yana canzawa daga 20 µPa (da kyar ake ji) zuwa 200 Pa (mai zafi da ƙarfi). Matsin RMS (tushen ma'anar murabba'i) yawanci ana bayar da rahotonsa don sautuna masu ci gaba.

Misali: Magana ta yau da kullun tana haifar da 0.02 Pa (63 dB). Wasan kwaikwayo na rock yana kaiwa 2 Pa (100 dB)—sau 100 mafi girman matsi amma sau 6 kawai ya fi ƙarfi a fahimta.

Ikon acoustic a kowane yanki

Ƙarfin sauti yana auna kwararar makamashin acoustic ta wani wuri, a cikin watts a kowane murabba'in mita. Yana da alaƙa da matsi² kuma yana da mahimmanci wajen lissafin ikon sauti. Matsayin ji shine 10⁻¹² W/m², yayin da injin jet ke samar da 1 W/m² a kusa.

Misali: Rada yana da ƙarfin 10⁻¹⁰ W/m² (20 dB). Matsayin zafi shine 1 W/m² (120 dB)—sau tiriliyan ya fi ƙarfi.

An ƙirƙiri Phonograph

Thomas Edison ya ƙirƙiri phonograph, wanda ya ba da damar yin rikodin sauti na farko da sake kunnawa, wanda ya haifar da sha'awar ƙididdige matakan sauti.

An Gabatar da Decibel

Kamfanin Bell Telephone Laboratories ya gabatar da decibel don auna asarar watsawa a cikin igiyoyin waya. An sa masa suna bayan Alexander Graham Bell, da sauri ya zama daidaitaccen ma'aunin sauti.

Kwanukan Fletcher-Munson

Harvey Fletcher da Wilden A. Munson sun buga zane-zanen daidaiton ƙarfi da ke nuna jin daɗin ji wanda ya dogara da mitar, wanda ya kafa harsashin auna A-weighting da sikelin phon.

Mita Matsayin Sauti

An ƙirƙiro mita matsayin sauti na farko na kasuwanci, wanda ya daidaita auna hayaniya don aikace-aikacen masana'antu da muhalli.

An Daidaita Sikelin Sone

Stanley Smith Stevens ya tsara sikelin sone (ISO 532), yana ba da ma'auni na layi na ƙarfin da ake ji inda ninki biyu na sones = ninki biyu na ƙarfin da ake ji.

Ka'idojin OSHA

Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Tsaro ta Ma'aikata ta Amurka (OSHA) ta kafa iyakokin bayyanar da hayaniya (85-90 dB TWA), wanda ya sa auna sauti ya zama mai mahimmanci ga amincin wurin aiki.

Bitar ISO 226

An sabunta zane-zanen daidaiton ƙarfi bisa binciken zamani, yana inganta ma'aunai na phon da daidaiton auna A-weighting a kan mitoci daban-daban.

Ka'idojin Sauti na Dijital

An daidaita LUFS (Raka'o'in Ƙarfi dangane da Cikakken Sikelin) don watsa shirye-shirye da yawo, yana maye gurbin ma'aunai na kololuwa-kawai da mitar ƙarfi da ke dogara da fahimta.

• **+3 dB = ninki biyu na iko** (da kyar ake lura da shi ga yawancin mutane)
• **+6 dB = ninki biyu na matsi** (dokar murabba'i mai juyawa, rabin tazara)
• **+10 dB ≈ sau 2 ya fi ƙarfi** (ƙarfin da ake ji yana ninkuwa)
• **+20 dB = sau 10 na matsi** (shekaru ashirin akan sikelin logarithmic)
• **60 dB SPL ≈ magana ta yau da kullun** (a nisan mita 1)
• **85 dB = iyakar sa'o'i 8 na OSHA** (matakin kariya na ji)
• **120 dB = matakin zafi** (rashin jin daɗi nan take)

• **Madaidaitan kafofin:** 80 dB + 80 dB = 83 dB (ba 160 ba!)
• **Bambancin 10 dB:** 90 dB + 80 dB ≈ 90.4 dB (tushen da ya fi shiru da kyar yake da mahimmanci)
• **Bambancin 20 dB:** 90 dB + 70 dB ≈ 90.04 dB (gudunmawa da ba a kula da ita ba)
• **Ninki biyu na kafofin:** N madaidaitan kafofin = asali + 10×log₁₀(N) dB
• **Madaidaitan kafofin 80 dB guda 10 = 90 dB gabaɗaya** (ba 800 dB ba!)

• **0 dB SPL** = 20 µPa = matakin ji
• **20 dB** = rada, ɗakin karatu mai shiru
• **60 dB** = magana ta yau da kullun, ofis
• **85 dB** = cunkoson ababen hawa, haɗarin ji
• **100 dB** = gidan rawa, injin saro
• **120 dB** = wasan kwaikwayo na rock, tsawa
• **140 dB** = harbin bindiga, injin jet a kusa
• **194 dB** = iyakar ka'idar a sararin samaniya

• **Kada ka taɓa ƙara dB a lissafi** — yi amfani da dabarun ƙara logarithmic
• **dBA ≠ dB SPL** — auna A-weighting yana rage sauti, babu yiwuwar canji kai tsaye
• **Ninki biyu na tazara** ≠ rabin matakin (yana da -6 dB, ba -50% ba)
• **3 dB da kyar ake lura da shi,** ba sau 3 ya fi ƙarfi ba — fahimta logarithmic ce
• **0 dB ≠ shiru** — shi ne wurin kwatance (20 µPa), zai iya zama mara kyau
• **phon ≠ dB** sai a 1 kHz — daidaiton ƙarfi wanda ya dogara da mitar

Dalilai uku sun sa auna logarithmic ya zama mai mahimmanci:

• Fahimtar ɗan adam: Kunnuwa suna amsawa a logarithmic—ninki biyu na matsi yana jin kamar +6 dB, ba sau 2 ba
• Matsi kewayon: 0-140 dB vs 20 µPa - 200 Pa (mara amfani don amfanin yau da kullun)
• Ninkawa ya zama ƙari: Haɗa kafofin sauti yana amfani da ƙari mai sauƙi
• Sikelin halitta: Abubuwan 10 sun zama matakai daidai (20 dB, 30 dB, 40 dB...)

Sikelin logarithmic ba shi da sauƙin fahimta. Guji waɗannan kurakuran:

• 60 dB + 60 dB = 63 dB (ba 120 dB ba!) — ƙari logarithmic
• 90 dB - 80 dB ≠ bambancin 10 dB—cire dabi'u, sannan antilog
• Ninki biyu na tazara yana rage matakin da 6 dB (ba 50% ba)
• Rabin iko = -3 dB (ba -50% ba)
• Haɓakar 3 dB = sau 2 na iko (da kyar ake lura da shi), 10 dB = sau 2 na ƙarfi (a bayyane yake)

Mahimman lissafi don lissafin matsayin sauti:

• Matsi: dB SPL = 20 × log₁₀(P / 20µPa)
• Ƙarfi: dB IL = 10 × log₁₀(I / 10⁻¹²W/m²)
• Iko: dB SWL = 10 × log₁₀(W / 10⁻¹²W)
• Haɗa kafofin daidai: L_total = L + 10×log₁₀(n), inda n = adadin kafofin
• Dokar tazara: L₂ = L₁ - 20×log₁₀(r₂/r₁) don kafofin maki

Ba za ka iya ƙara decibels a lissafi ba. Yi amfani da ƙari logarithmic:

• Kafofin daidai guda biyu: L_total = L_single + 3 dB (misali, 80 dB + 80 dB = 83 dB)
• Kafofin daidai guda goma: L_total = L_single + 10 dB
• Matsayi daban-daban: Canza zuwa layi, ƙara, canza baya (mai rikitarwa)
• Dokar yatsa: Ƙara kafofin da suka bambanta da 10+ dB da kyar yake ƙara jimillar (<0.5 dB)
• Misali: injin 90 dB + hayaniyar baya na 70 dB = 90.04 dB (da kyar ake lura da shi)

Raka'ar matsayin ƙarfi da ake kwatanta shi da 1 kHz

Dabi'un phon suna bin zane-zanen daidaiton ƙarfi (ISO 226:2003). Sauti a N phons yana da ƙarfin da ake ji iri ɗaya da N dB SPL a 1 kHz. A 1 kHz, phon = dB SPL daidai. A wasu mitoci, suna bambanta sosai saboda jin daɗin kunne.

• Ma'aunin 1 kHz: 60 phon = 60 dB SPL a 1 kHz (bisa ga ma'anarsa)
• 100 Hz: 60 phon ≈ 70 dB SPL (+10 dB ake buƙata don daidaiton ƙarfi)
• 50 Hz: 60 phon ≈ 80 dB SPL (+20 dB ake buƙata—bass yana jin shiru)
• 4 kHz: 60 phon ≈ 55 dB SPL (-5 dB—kololuwar jin daɗin kunne)
• Aikace-aikace: Daidaita sauti, daidaita kayan ji, kimanta ingancin sauti
• Iyaka: Mai dogaro da mitar; yana buƙatar sautuna masu tsabta ko binciken bakan

Raka'ar layi na ƙarfi na zahiri

Sones suna ƙididdige ƙarfin da ake ji a layi: sones 2 suna jin sau biyu fiye da sone 1. An bayyana shi ta dokar ikon Stevens, sone 1 = phons 40. Ninki biyu na sones = +10 phons = +10 dB a 1 kHz.

• sone 1 = phons 40 = 40 dB SPL a 1 kHz (ma'anarsa)
• Ninki biyu: sones 2 = phons 50, sones 4 = phons 60, sones 8 = phons 70
• Dokar Stevens: Ƙarfin da ake ji ∝ (ƙarfi)^0.3 don sautuna na matsakaicin matsayi
• Gaskiya: Magana (sone 1), injin tsabtace gida (sones 4), injin saro (sones 64)
• Aikace-aikace: Kimar hayaniyar samfur, kwatancen kayan aiki, kimantawar zahiri
• Amfani: Mai sauƙin fahimta—sones 4 a zahiri suna jin sau 4 fiye da sone 1

Sauti na ƙwararru yana amfani da dB sosai don matakan sigina, haɗawa, da kuma ƙwarewa:

• 0 dBFS (Cikakken Sikelin): Matsakaicin matsayin dijital kafin yankewa
• Haɗawa: Nufin -6 zuwa -3 dBFS kololuwa, -12 zuwa -9 dBFS RMS don sarari
• Ƙwarewa: -14 LUFS (raka'o'in ƙarfi) don yawo, -9 LUFS don rediyo
• Rabon sigina-zuwa-hayaniya: >90 dB don kayan aiki na ƙwararru, >100 dB don masu son sauti
• Kewayon motsi: Kiɗan gargajiya 60+ dB, kiɗan pop 6-12 dB (yaƙin ƙarfi)
• Acoustics na ɗaki: Lokacin amsawa na RT60, -3 dB vs -6 dB maki saukarwa

Iyakokin bayyanar da hayaniya a wurin aiki suna hana asarar ji:

• OSHA: 85 dB = matakin aiki na sa'o'i 8 TWA (matsakaicin nauyi na lokaci)
• 90 dB: matsakaicin bayyanar sa'o'i 8 ba tare da kariya ba
• 95 dB: matsakaicin sa'o'i 4, 100 dB: sa'o'i 2, 105 dB: sa'a 1 (dokar rabin)
• 115 dB: matsakaicin mintuna 15 ba tare da kariya ba
• 140 dB: Haɗari nan take—kariya ta ji wajibi ce
• Dosimetry: Bibiyar bayyanar da aka tara ta amfani da dosimeters na hayaniya

Dokokin muhalli suna kare lafiyar jama'a da ingancin rayuwa:

• Jagororin WHO: <55 dB da rana, <40 dB da dare a waje
• EPA: Ldn (matsakaicin rana-dare) <70 dB don hana asarar ji
• Jiragen sama: FAA tana buƙatar zane-zanen hayaniya don filayen jirgin sama (iyakar 65 dB DNL)
• Gine-gine: Iyakokin gida yawanci 80-90 dB a layin dukiya
• Hanya: Katangar hayaniyar babbar hanya tana nufin rage 10-15 dB
• Auna: auna dBA yana kimanta amsawar damuwa ta ɗan adam

Tsarin acoustic yana buƙatar ingantaccen sarrafa matsayin sauti:

• Fahimtar magana: Nufin 65-70 dB a mai sauraro, <35 dB baya
• Zauren wasan kwaikwayo: kololuwar 80-95 dB, lokacin amsawa na 2-2.5s
• Dakunan rikodin: NC 15-20 (kwanukan ma'aunin hayaniya), <25 dB yanayi
• Ajujuwa: <35 dB baya, rabon magana-zuwa-hayaniya na 15+ dB
• Darajar STC: Ajin Watsa Sauti (aikin keɓewar bango)
• NRC: Haɗin Rage Hayaniya don kayan shafawa

• Yi amfani da mitocin matsayin sauti na Class 1 ko Class 2 (IEC 61672)
• Yi gyara kafin kowane zama da na'urar gyara acoustic (94 ko 114 dB)
• Sanya makirufo nesa da wuraren da ke dawo da sauti (tsayi na yau da kullun 1.2-1.5m)
• Yi amfani da amsa mai jinkiri (1s) don sautuna masu tsayayye, mai sauri (125ms) don masu canzawa
• Yi amfani da kariyar iska a waje (hayaniyar iska tana farawa a 12 mph / 5 m/s)
• Yi rikodin na mintuna 15+ don kama bambance-bambancen lokaci

• Auna A (dBA): Amfani gabaɗaya, muhalli, hayaniyar aiki
• Auna C (dBC): Ma'aunai na kololuwa, kimanta ƙananan mitoci
• Auna Z (dBZ): Amsa mai lebur don cikakken binciken bakan
• Kada ka taɓa canza dBA ↔ dBC—ya dogara da abun ciki na mitar
• Auna A yana kimanta zane-zanen phon-40 (ƙarfi mai matsakaici)
• Yi amfani da binciken zangon octave don cikakken bayanin mitar

• Koyaushe saka: dB SPL, dBA, dBC, dBZ (kada ka taɓa cewa 'dB' kawai)
• Bayar da rahoton auna lokaci: Mai Sauri, Mai Jinkiri, Na Lokaci-lokaci
• Haɗa tazara, tsayin auna, da kuma wurin da aka dosa
• Lura da matakan hayaniyar baya daban
• Bayar da rahoton Leq (matsayin daidaiton ci gaba) don sautuna masu canzawa
• Haɗa rashin tabbas na auna (yawanci ±1-2 dB)

• 85 dB: Yi la'akari da kariya don bayyanar da dogon lokaci (> sa'o'i 8)
• 90 dB: Kariya ta wajibi bayan sa'o'i 8 (OSHA)
• 100 dB: Yi amfani da kariya bayan sa'o'i 2
• 110 dB: Yi kariya bayan mintuna 30, kariya sau biyu sama da 115 dB
• Abin toshe kunne: rage 15-30 dB, abin rufe kunne: 20-35 dB
• Kada ka taɓa wuce 140 dB ko da da kariya—haɗarin rauni na zahiri

Whale na blue suna yin kira har zuwa 188 dB SPL a karkashin ruwa—sautin halitta mafi ƙarfi a Duniya. Waɗannan kira na ƙananan mitoci (15-20 Hz) na iya tafiya daruruwan mil ta cikin teku, suna ba da damar sadarwar whale a kan nisa mai yawa.

Ɗakin da ya fi shiru a duniya (Microsoft, Redmond) yana auna -20.6 dB SPL—ya fi shiru fiye da matakin ji. Mutane na iya jin bugun zuciyarsu, kwararar jini, har ma da kukan cikinsu. Babu wanda ya daɗe fiye da mintuna 45 saboda rudani.

Sautin da ya fi ƙarfi a tarihin da aka rubuta: 310 dB SPL a tushe, an ji shi a nisan mil 3,000. Talasar matsi ta zagaya Duniya sau 4. Matuƙan jirgin ruwa a nisan mil 40 sun fuskanci fashewar eardrum. Irin wannan ƙarfi ba zai iya wanzuwa a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun ba—yana haifar da talasai na gigicewa.

194 dB SPL shine iyakar ka'idar a sararin samaniyar Duniya a matakin teku—bayan wannan, kuna haifar da talasar gigicewa (fashewa), ba talasar sauti ba. A 194 dB, raguwar iska daidai take da sarari (0 Pa), don haka sauti ya zama ba mai ci gaba ba.

Karnuka suna jin 67-45,000 Hz (idan aka kwatanta da mutane 20-20,000 Hz) kuma suna gano sautuna sau 4 nesa. Jin daɗinsu ya fi girma a kusa da 8 kHz—10 dB ya fi na mutane. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa busar karnuka ke aiki: 23-54 kHz, ba a jin su ga mutane.

Gidajen sinima suna nufin matsakaicin 85 dB SPL (Leq) tare da kololuwar 105 dB (bayanan Dolby). Wannan ya fi ƙarfi da 20 dB fiye da kallon gida. Faɗaɗɗen amsa na ƙananan mitoci: subwoofers na 20 Hz suna ba da damar fashewa da tasiri na gaske—tsarin gida yawanci yana yankewa a 40-50 Hz.

dBA yana amfani da auna mai dogaro da mitar wanda ke rage ƙananan mitoci. Sautin 100 Hz a 80 dB SPL yana auna ~70 dBA (-10 dB auna), yayin da 1 kHz a 80 dB SPL yana auna 80 dBA (babu auna). Ba tare da sanin bakan mitar ba, canji ba zai yiwu ba. Za ku buƙaci binciken FFT kuma ku yi amfani da kwanukan auna A mai juyawa.

+3 dB = ninki biyu na iko ko ƙarfi, amma sau 1.4 kawai na haɓakar matsi. Fahimtar ɗan adam tana bin amsa logarithmic: haɓakar 10 dB tana jin kamar sau 2 ya fi ƙarfi. 3 dB shine ƙaramin canjin da yawancin mutane ke ganowa a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu sarrafawa; a cikin yanayi na gaske, ana buƙatar 5+ dB.

Ba za ka iya ƙara decibels a lissafi ba. Don matakan daidai: L_total = L + 3 dB. Don matakan daban-daban: Canza zuwa layi (10^(dB/10)), ƙara, canza baya (10×log₁₀). Misali: 80 dB + 80 dB = 83 dB (ba 160 dB ba!). Dokar yatsa: tushen da ya fi shiru da 10+ dB yana ba da gudunmawar <0.5 dB ga jimillar.

dB SPL: Matsayin matsin sauti mara nauyi. dBA: Auna A (yana kimanta jin ɗan adam, yana rage sauti). dBC: Auna C (kusan lebur, ƙaramin tacewa). Yi amfani da dBA don hayaniya gabaɗaya, muhalli, aiki. Yi amfani da dBC don ma'aunai na kololuwa da kimanta ƙananan mitoci. Suna auna sauti iri ɗaya daban-daban—babu canji kai tsaye.

Sauti yana bin dokar murabba'i mai juyawa: ninki biyu na tazara yana rage ƙarfi da ¼ (ba ½ ba). A cikin dB: kowane ninki biyu na tazara = -6 dB. Misali: 90 dB a 1m ya zama 84 dB a 2m, 78 dB a 4m, 72 dB a 8m. Wannan yana ɗauka tushen maki a filin kyauta—dakuna suna da amsawa da ke rikitar da wannan.

Ee! 0 dB SPL shine wurin kwatance (20 µPa), ba shiru ba. Mara kyau dB yana nufin shiru fiye da ma'auni. Misali: -10 dB SPL = 6.3 µPa. Dakunan da ba su da amsa suna auna har zuwa -20 dB. Koyaya, hayaniyar zafi (motsin kwayoyin halitta) tana kafa iyakar da ba za a iya wucewa ba a kusa da -23 dB a zafin jiki na ɗaki.

Daidaito da gyara. Mitocin Class 1 sun cika IEC 61672 (±0.7 dB, 10 Hz-20 kHz). Mitoci masu arha: kuskuren ±2-5 dB, amsa mara kyau na ƙananan/manyan mitoci, babu gyara. Amfani na ƙwararru yana buƙatar gyara mai ganowa, shiga, binciken octave, da kuma dorewa. Biyayya da doka/OSHA tana buƙatar kayan aiki da aka tabbatar.

A 1 kHz: phon = dB SPL daidai (bisa ga ma'anarsa). A wasu mitoci: suna bambanta saboda jin daɗin kunne. Misali: phons 60 yana buƙatar 60 dB a 1 kHz, amma 70 dB a 100 Hz (+10 dB) da 55 dB a 4 kHz (-5 dB). Phon yana la'akari da zane-zanen daidaiton ƙarfi, yayin da dB ba ya yi.