Mai Canza Hankali
Tattarawa — Daga Kashi-kashi a kowace Quadrillion zuwa Kashi ɗari
Kware a fannin ingancin ruwa, sinadarai, da kimiyyar muhalli game da ma'aunin tattara taro. Daga g/L zuwa ppb, fahimci tattara sinadarai da abin da lambobi suke nufi a aikace-aikace na zahiri.
Tushen Tattarawa
Menene Tattarawa?
Tattarawa yana auna yawan abin da aka narkar da shi a cikin ruwa. Tattara taro = taron abin da aka narkar da shi ÷ girman ruwa. 100 mg na gishiri a cikin 1 L na ruwa = tattara 100 mg/L. Darajoji masu girma = ruwa mai karfi.
- Tattarawa = taro/girma
- g/L = gram a kowace lita (tushe)
- mg/L = milligram a kowace lita
- Lamba mafi girma = abin da aka narkar da shi da yawa
Tattara Taro
Tattara taro: taron abin da aka narkar da shi a kowace raka'ar girma. Raka'o'i: g/L, mg/L, µg/L. Kai tsaye kuma ba tare da shakka ba. 1 g/L = 1000 mg/L = 1,000,000 µg/L. Ana amfani da shi a ingancin ruwa, sinadarai na asibiti, sa ido kan muhalli.
- g/L = gram a kowace lita
- mg/L = milligram a kowace lita
- µg/L = microgram a kowace lita
- Auna kai tsaye, babu shakka
ppm da Kashi ɗari
ppm (kashi-kashi a kowace miliyan) ≈ mg/L na ruwa. ppb (kashi-kashi a kowace biliyan) ≈ µg/L. Kashi ɗari w/v: 10% = 100 g/L. Mai sauƙin fahimta amma ya dogara da yanayi. An saba amfani da shi a gwajin ingancin ruwa.
- 1 ppm ≈ 1 mg/L (ruwa)
- 1 ppb ≈ 1 µg/L (ruwa)
- 10% w/v = 100 g/L
- Yanayi: ruwa mai sinadarai
- Tattara taro = taro/girma
- 1 g/L = 1000 mg/L = 1,000,000 µg/L
- 1 ppm ≈ 1 mg/L (na ruwa)
- 10% w/v = 100 g/L
Bayani kan Tsarin Raka'o'i
Tattara Taro na SI
Raka'o'in daidaitattu: g/L, mg/L, µg/L, ng/L. A sarari kuma ba tare da shakka ba. Kowace prefix = sikelin ×1000. Na duniya a fannin sinadarai, kimiyyar muhalli, gwajin asibiti.
- g/L = raka'ar tushe
- mg/L = milligram a kowace lita
- µg/L = microgram a kowace lita
- ng/L, pg/L don binciken alama
Raka'o'in Ingancin Ruwa
Ana amfani da ppm, ppb, ppt akai-akai. Don ruwa mai sinadarai mara kauri: 1 ppm ≈ 1 mg/L, 1 ppb ≈ 1 µg/L. EPA tana amfani da mg/L da µg/L don ka'idoji. WHO tana amfani da ppm don sauƙi.
- ppm = kashi-kashi a kowace miliyan
- ppb = kashi-kashi a kowace biliyan
- Yana aiki ga ruwa mai sinadarai mara kauri
- Ka'idojin EPA a mg/L, µg/L
Taurin Ruwa
Ana nuna shi a matsayin kwatankwacin CaCO₃. Raka'o'i: gpg (grains a kowace gallon), °fH (Faransanci), °dH (Jamusanci), °e (Turanci). Dukkansu ana canza su zuwa mg/L a matsayin CaCO₃. Ka'ida don kula da ruwa.
- gpg: taurin ruwa na Amurka
- °fH: digiri na Faransanci
- °dH: digiri na Jamusanci
- Duka a matsayin kwatankwacin CaCO₃
Kimiyyar Tattarawa
Muhimman Dabarun Lissafi
Tattarawa = taro/girma. C = m/V. Raka'o'i: g/L = kg/m³. Canji: ninka da 1000 don mg/L, da 1,000,000 don µg/L. ppm ≈ mg/L na ruwa (yawan ≈ 1 kg/L).
- C = m/V (tattarawa)
- 1 g/L = 1000 mg/L
- 1 mg/L ≈ 1 ppm (ruwa)
- %w/v: kashi ɗari na taro = (g/100mL)
Rage Kauri
Dabarar rage kauri: C1V1 = C2V2. Tattarawa na farko x girman = tattarawa na ƙarshe x girman. 10 mL na 100 mg/L da aka rage kaurinsa zuwa 100 mL = 10 mg/L. Kiyaye taro.
- C1V1 = C2V2 (rage kauri)
- Ana kiyaye taro a rage kauri
- Misali: 10x100 = 1x1000
- Mai amfani don shirye-shiryen dakin gwaje-gwaje
Narkewa
Narkewa = matsakaicin tattarawa. Ya dogara da zafin jiki. NaCl: 360 g/L a 20°C. Sugar: 2000 g/L a 20°C. Wuce narkewa → zuba.
- Narkewa = matsakaicin tattarawa
- Ya dogara da zafin jiki
- Ana iya samun yawan narkewa
- Wucewa → zuba
Ma'aunin Tattarawa
| Sinadari/Ka'ida | Tattarawa | Yanayi | Bayanan kula |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gano alama | 1 pg/L | Alama mai ƙaranci | Babban sinadarai na bincike |
| Alamun magunguna | 1 ng/L | Muhalli | Abubuwan gurɓata masu tasowa |
| Iyakar EPA na arsenic | 10 µg/L | Ruwan sha | 10 ppb mafi yawa |
| Aikin EPA na gubar | 15 µg/L | Ruwan sha | 15 ppb matakin aiki |
| Chlorine na wurin wanka | 1-3 mg/L | Wurin wanka | 1-3 ppm na yau da kullun |
| Ruwan saline | 9 g/L | Lafiya | 0.9% NaCl, na jiki |
| Gishirin ruwan teku | 35 g/L | Teku | 3.5% a matsakaici |
| Gishiri mai kauri | 360 g/L | Sinadarai | NaCl a 20°C |
| Ruwan sugar | 500 g/L | Abinci | 50% w/v syrup |
| Asid mai kauri | 1200 g/L | Sinadarin dakin gwaje-gwaje | Conc. HCl (~37%) |
Ka'idojin Ruwa na Gama-gari
| Mai gurɓatawa | EPA MCL | Shawarwarin WHO | Raka'o'i |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenic | 10 | 10 | µg/L (ppb) |
| Gubar | 15* | 10 | µg/L (ppb) |
| Mercury | 2 | 6 | µg/L (ppb) |
| Nitrate (a matsayin N) | 10 | 50 | mg/L (ppm) |
| Fluoride | 4.0 | 1.5 | mg/L (ppm) |
| Chromium | 100 | 50 | µg/L (ppb) |
| Copper | 1300 | 2000 | µg/L (ppb) |
Aikace-aikace a Rayuwa ta Zahiri
Ingancin Ruwa
Ka'idojin ruwan sha: iyakokin EPA ga abubuwan gurɓata. Gubar: 15 µg/L (15 ppb) matakin aiki. Arsenic: 10 µg/L (10 ppb) mafi yawa. Nitrate: 10 mg/L (10 ppm) mafi yawa. Mai mahimmanci ga lafiyar jama'a.
- Gubar: <15 µg/L (EPA)
- Arsenic: <10 µg/L (WHO)
- Nitrate: <10 mg/L
- Chlorine: 0.2-2 mg/L (magani)
Sinadarai na Asibiti
Gwajin jini a g/dL ko mg/dL. Glucose: 70-100 mg/dL na al'ada. Cholesterol: <200 mg/dL abin so. Hemoglobin: 12-16 g/dL. Binciken likita ya dogara da kewayon tattarawa.
- Glucose: 70-100 mg/dL
- Cholesterol: <200 mg/dL
- Hemoglobin: 12-16 g/dL
- Raka'o'i: g/dL, mg/dL da aka saba amfani da su
Sa ido kan Muhalli
Ingancin iska: PM2.5 a µg/m³. Gurɓatar ƙasa: mg/kg. Ruwan saman ƙasa: ng/L don alamun sinadarai. Matakan ppb da ppt na magungunan kwari, magunguna. Ana buƙatar gano abu mai matuƙar ƙwarewa.
- PM2.5: <12 µg/m³ (WHO)
- Magungunan kwari: ng/L zuwa µg/L
- Ƙarfe masu nauyi: kewayon µg/L
- Alamun sinadarai: ng/L zuwa pg/L
Lissafi Mai Sauri
Canje-canjen Raka'o'i
g/L × 1000 = mg/L. mg/L × 1000 = µg/L. Sauri: kowace prefix = sikelin ×1000. 5 mg/L = 5000 µg/L.
- g/L → mg/L: ×1000
- mg/L → µg/L: ×1000
- µg/L → ng/L: ×1000
- Matakai masu sauƙi na ×1000
ppm & Kashi ɗari
Na ruwa: 1 ppm = 1 mg/L. 1% w/v = 10 g/L = 10,000 ppm. 100 ppm = 0.01%. Kashi ɗari mai sauri!
- 1 ppm = 1 mg/L (ruwa)
- 1% = 10,000 ppm
- 0.1% = 1,000 ppm
- 0.01% = 100 ppm
Rage Kauri
C1V1 = C2V2. Don rage kauri sau 10, girman ƙarshe ya fi girma sau 10. 100 mg/L da aka rage kaurinsa sau 10 = 10 mg/L. Mai sauƙi!
- C1V1 = C2V2
- Rage kauri sau 10: V2 = 10V1
- C2 = C1/10
- Misali: 100 mg/L zuwa 10 mg/L
Yadda Canje-canje ke Aiki
- Mataki na 1: Tushe → g/L
- Mataki na 2: g/L → Abin da ake so
- ppm ≈ mg/L (ruwa)
- %w/v: g/L = % × 10
- Tauri: ta hanyar CaCO₃
Canje-canje na Gama-gari
| Daga | Zuwa | × | Misali |
|---|---|---|---|
| g/L | mg/L | 1000 | 1 g/L = 1000 mg/L |
| mg/L | µg/L | 1000 | 1 mg/L = 1000 µg/L |
| mg/L | ppm | 1 | 1 mg/L ≈ 1 ppm (ruwa) |
| µg/L | ppb | 1 | 1 µg/L ≈ 1 ppb (ruwa) |
| %w/v | g/L | 10 | 10% = 100 g/L |
| g/L | g/mL | 0.001 | 1 g/L = 0.001 g/mL |
| g/dL | g/L | 10 | 10 g/dL = 100 g/L |
| mg/dL | mg/L | 10 | 100 mg/dL = 1000 mg/L |
Misalai Masu Sauri
Matsaloli da aka Warware
Gwajin Gubar Ruwa
Samfurin ruwa yana da 12 µg/L na gubar. Shin lafiya ne (matakin aiki na EPA: 15 µg/L)?
12 µg/L < 15 µg/L. E, a ƙasa da matakin aiki na EPA. Hakanan ana bayyana shi a matsayin 12 ppb < 15 ppb. Lafiya!
Lissafin Rage Kauri
Rage kaurin 50 mL na 200 mg/L zuwa 500 mL. Tattarawa na ƙarshe?
C1V1 = C2V2. (200)(50) = C2(500). C2 = 10,000/500 = 20 mg/L. Rage kauri sau 10!
Ruwan Saline
Yi saline na 0.9%. Nawa ne gram na NaCl a kowace lita?
0.9% w/v = 0.9 g a kowace 100 mL = 9 g a kowace 1000 mL = 9 g/L. Saline na jiki!
Kura-kuran da aka saba yi
- **Rashin tabbas na ppm**: ppm na iya zama w/w, v/v, ko w/v! Ga ruwa, ppm ≈ mg/L (yana ɗauka cewa yawan abu ɗaya ne). Ba ya aiki ga mai, barasa, ruwa mai kauri!
- **Molar ≠ taro**: Ba za a iya canza g/L zuwa mol/L ba tare da nauyin kwayar halitta ba! NaCl: 58.44 g/mol. Glucose: 180.16 g/mol. Daban!
- **% w/w vs % w/v**: 10% w/w ≠ 100 g/L (yana buƙatar yawan ruwa). % w/v ne kawai ke canzawa kai tsaye! 10% w/v = 100 g/L daidai.
- **Raka'o'in mg/dL**: Gwajin likita sau da yawa yana amfani da mg/dL, ba mg/L ba. 100 mg/dL = 1000 mg/L. Bambanci sau 10!
- **Taurin ruwa**: Ana nuna shi a matsayin CaCO3 kodayake ainihin ions sune Ca2+ da Mg2+. Yarjejeniya ta daidaitacciya don kwatantawa.
- **ppb vs ppt**: A Amurka, biliyan = 10^9. A Burtaniya (tsoho), biliyan = 10^12. Yi amfani da ppb (10^-9) don kauce wa rudani. ppt = 10^-12.
Bayanan Nishaɗi
Gishirin Teku shine 35 g/L
Ruwan teku yana ɗauke da ~35 g/L na gishiri da aka narkar da shi (3.5% gishiri). Yawanci NaCl, amma kuma Mg, Ca, K, SO4. Tekun Gishiri: 280 g/L (28%) yana da gishiri sosai har za ka iya shawagi! Babban Tekun Gishiri: 50-270 g/L ya danganta da matakin ruwa.
ppm ya samo asali ne daga shekarun 1950
ppm (kashi-kashi a kowace miliyan) ya shahara a shekarun 1950 don gurɓataccen iska da ingancin ruwa. Kafin wannan, ana amfani da % ko g/L. Yanzu shine daidaitaccen ma'auni ga abubuwan gurɓata masu alama. Mai sauƙin fahimta: 1 ppm = 1 ɗigo a cikin lita 50!
Matsayin Glucose na Jini na Al'ada
Matsayin glucose na jini na azumi: 70-100 mg/dL (700-1000 mg/L). Wannan shine kawai 0.07-0.1% na nauyin jini! Ana gano ciwon sukari a >126 mg/dL. Ƙananan canje-canje suna da mahimmanci—ana sarrafa shi sosai da insulin/glucagon.
Chlorine a cikin Wuraren Wanka: 1-3 ppm
Chlorine na wurin wanka: 1-3 mg/L (ppm) don tsafta. Idan ya fi haka = ƙunar idanu. Idan ya kasa haka = girman ƙwayoyin cuta. Wuraren wanka masu zafi: 3-5 ppm (mafi zafi = ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta). Ƙaramin tattarawa, babban tasiri!
Rabe-raben Taurin Ruwa
Mai laushi: <60 mg/L CaCO3. Matsakaici: 60-120. Mai tauri: 120-180. Mai matuƙar tauri: >180 mg/L. Ruwa mai tauri yana haifar da ƙyalli, yana amfani da sabulu da yawa. Ruwa mai laushi ya fi kyau wajen wanki, amma yana iya lalata bututu!
Matakin Aikin EPA na Gubar: 15 ppb
Matakin aikin EPA na gubar: 15 µg/L (15 ppb) a cikin ruwan sha. An rage shi daga 50 ppb a 1991. Babu matakin gubar da ke da lafiya! Rikicin Flint, Michigan: matakan sun kai 4000 ppb a mafi munin yanayi. Abin takaici.
Juyin Halittar Auna Tattarawa
Daga Babban Warin Landan zuwa gano alamun zamani a kashi-kashi a kowace quadrillion, auna tattarawa ta samo asali tare da lafiyar jama'a, kimiyyar muhalli, da sinadarai na bincike.
1850s - 1900s
Babban Warin Landan na 1858—lokacin da warin najasar Thames ya rufe Majalisa—ya haifar da nazarin ingancin ruwa na farko. Garuruwa sun fara gwajin sinadarai marasa inganci don gurɓatawa.
Hanyoyin farko sun kasance na inganci ko na rabin inganci: launi, wari, da gwajin zuba marasa inganci. Juyin halittar ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta (Pasteur, Koch) ya haifar da buƙatar ingantattun ka'idojin ruwa.
- 1858: Babban Wari ya tilasta Landan gina magudanar ruwa na zamani
- 1890s: Gwajin sinadarai na farko don taurin, alkalinity, da chloride
- Raka'o'i: grains a kowace gallon (gpg), kashi-kashi a kowace 10,000
1900s - 1950s
Chlorination na ruwa (shuka na farko a Amurka: Jersey City, 1914) yana buƙatar daidaitaccen sashi—kadan bai isa ya kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ba, da yawa kuma yana da guba. Wannan ya haifar da karɓar mg/L (kashi-kashi a kowace miliyan) a matsayin raka'ar daidaitacciya.
Spectrophotometry da hanyoyin titrimetric sun ba da damar auna tattarawa daidai. Hukumomin lafiyar jama'a sun kafa iyakokin ruwan sha a mg/L.
- 1914: An ba da kashi na chlorine na 0.5-2 mg/L don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta
- 1925: Hukumar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka ta kafa ka'idojin ruwa na farko
- mg/L da ppm sun zama abubuwan da za a iya musanyawa don ruwa mai sinadarai mara kauri
1960s - 1980s
Silent Spring (1962) da rikice-rikicen muhalli (gobara a kogin Cuyahoga, Love Canal) sun haifar da dokoki kan magungunan kwari, ƙarfe masu nauyi, da gurɓatattun masana'antu a matakan µg/L (ppb).
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) da gas chromatography (GC) sun ba da damar gano abu a ƙasa da 1 µg/L. Dokar Ruwan Sha Mai Lafiya ta EPA (1974) ta ba da umarnin Matsakaicin Matsayin Gurɓatawa (MCLs) a µg/L.
- 1974: Dokar Ruwan Sha Mai Lafiya ta ƙirƙiri ka'idojin MCL na ƙasa
- 1986: An hana gubar; an saita matakin aiki a 15 µg/L (15 ppb)
- 1996: An rage iyakar arsenic daga 50 zuwa 10 µg/L
1990s - Yanzu
Na'urorin zamani na LC-MS/MS da ICP-MS suna gano magunguna, PFAS, da abubuwan da ke rushe tsarin endocrine a matakan ng/L (ppt) har ma da pg/L (ppq).
Rikicin ruwan Flint (2014-2016) ya fallasa gazawa: gubar ta kai 4000 ppb (sau 267 na iyakar EPA). WHO da EPA suna ci gaba da sabunta jagororin yayin da ƙwarewar bincike ke inganta.
- 2000s: An gano sinadarai masu dorewa na PFAS a matakan ng/L
- 2011: WHO ta sabunta jagororin ga abubuwan gurɓatawa sama da 100
- 2020s: Gano abu na yau da kullun a pg/L; sabbin ƙalubale a cikin microplastics, nanomaterials
Shawarwari na Kwararru
- **ppm mai sauri**: na ruwa, 1 ppm = 1 mg/L. Canji mai sauƙi!
- **% zuwa g/L**: %w/v x 10 = g/L. 5% = 50 g/L.
- **Rage kauri**: C1V1 = C2V2. Ninka tattarawa da girman don dubawa.
- **mg/dL zuwa mg/L**: Ninka da 10. Raka'o'in likita suna buƙatar canji!
- **ppb = ppm x 1000**: kowane mataki = x1000. 5 ppm = 5000 ppb.
- **Tauri**: gpg x 17.1 = mg/L a matsayin CaCO3. Canji mai sauri!
- **Alamar kimiyya ta atomatik**: Darajoji < 0.000001 g/L ko > 1,000,000 g/L suna nunawa a matsayin alamar kimiyya don karantawa (mai mahimmanci ga binciken alama a matakan ppq/pg!)
Bayanin Raka'o'i
Taro Hankali
| Raka'a | Alama | g/L | Bayanan kula |
|---|---|---|---|
| gram a kowace lita | g/L | 1 g/L (base) | Raka'ar tushe; gram a kowace lita. Ka'ida don sinadarai. |
| milligram a kowace lita | mg/L | 1.0000 mg/L | Milligram a kowace lita; 1 g/L = 1000 mg/L. An saba amfani da shi a ingancin ruwa. |
| microgram a kowace lita | µg/L | 1.0000 µg/L | Microgram a kowace lita; matakan abubuwan gurɓata masu alama. Ka'idojin EPA. |
| nanogram a kowace lita | ng/L | 1.000e-9 g/L | Nanogram a kowace lita; binciken alama mai girma. Abubuwan gurɓata masu tasowa. |
| picogram a kowace lita | pg/L | 1.000e-12 g/L | Picogram a kowace lita; babban sinadarai na bincike. Bincike. |
| kilogram a kowace lita | kg/L | 1000.0000 g/L | Kilogram a kowace lita; ruwa mai kauri. Masana'antu. |
| kilogram a kowace mita mai siffar sukari | kg/m³ | 1 g/L (base) | Kilogram a kowace mita mai siffar sukari; daidai da g/L. Raka'ar SI. |
| gram a kowace mita mai siffar sukari | g/m³ | 1.0000 mg/L | Gram a kowace mita mai siffar sukari; ingancin iska (PM). Muhalli. |
| milligram a kowace mita mai siffar sukari | mg/m³ | 1.0000 µg/L | Milligram a kowace mita mai siffar sukari; ka'idojin gurɓatar iska. |
| microgram a kowace mita mai siffar sukari | µg/m³ | 1.000e-9 g/L | Microgram a kowace mita mai siffar sukari; auna PM2.5, PM10. |
| gram a kowace milliliter | g/mL | 1000.0000 g/L | Gram a kowace milliliter; ruwa mai kauri. Amfani a dakin gwaje-gwaje. |
| milligram a kowace milliliter | mg/mL | 1 g/L (base) | Milligram a kowace milliliter; daidai da g/L. Magunguna. |
| microgram a kowace milliliter | µg/mL | 1.0000 mg/L | Microgram a kowace milliliter; daidai da mg/L. Lafiya. |
| gram a kowace deciliter | g/dL | 10.0000 g/L | Gram a kowace deciliter; gwajin likita (hemoglobin). Asibiti. |
| milligram a kowace deciliter | mg/dL | 10.0000 mg/L | Milligram a kowace deciliter; glucose na jini, cholesterol. Lafiya. |
Kashi (taro/girma)
| Raka'a | Alama | g/L | Bayanan kula |
|---|---|---|---|
| kashi taro/girma (%w/v) | %w/v | 10.0000 g/L | %w/v; 10% = 100 g/L. Canji kai tsaye, ba tare da shakka ba. |
Sassa a kowace (ppm, ppb, ppt)
| Raka'a | Alama | g/L | Bayanan kula |
|---|---|---|---|
| sassa a kowace miliyan | ppm | 1.0000 mg/L | Kashi-kashi a kowace miliyan; mg/L na ruwa. Yana ɗauka cewa yawan abu ɗaya ne. |
| sassa a kowace biliyan | ppb | 1.0000 µg/L | Kashi-kashi a kowace biliyan; µg/L na ruwa. Abubuwan gurɓata masu alama. |
| sassa a kowace tiriliyan | ppt | 1.000e-9 g/L | Kashi-kashi a kowace trillion; ng/L na ruwa. Matakan alama masu girma. |
| sassa a kowace quadrillion | ppq | 1.000e-12 g/L | Kashi-kashi a kowace quadrillion; pg/L. Gano abu mai girma. |
Taurin Ruwa
| Raka'a | Alama | g/L | Bayanan kula |
|---|---|---|---|
| hatsi a kowace galan (taurin ruwa) | gpg | 17.1200 mg/L | Grains a kowace gallon; taurin ruwa na Amurka. 1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L CaCO3. |
| digiri na Faransa (°fH) | °fH | 10.0000 mg/L | Digiri na Faransanci (fH); 1 fH = 10 mg/L CaCO3. Ka'ida ta Turai. |
| digiri na Jamus (°dH) | °dH | 17.8300 mg/L | Digiri na Jamusanci (dH); 1 dH = 17.8 mg/L CaCO3. Tsakiyar Turai. |
| digiri na Ingilishi (°e) | °e | 14.2700 mg/L | Digiri na Turanci (e); 1 e = 14.3 mg/L CaCO3. Ka'ida ta Burtaniya. |
Tambayoyi da Amsoshi
Menene bambanci tsakanin ppm da mg/L?
Ga ruwa mai sinadarai mara kauri (kamar ruwan sha), 1 ppm ≈ 1 mg/L. Wannan yana ɗauka cewa yawan ruwa = 1 kg/L (kamar ruwa mai tsabta). Ga wasu abubuwan narkewa ko ruwa mai kauri, ppm da mg/L sun bambanta saboda yawan ba ɗaya bane. ppm shine rabo na taro/taro ko girman/girma; mg/L shine taro/girma. Koyaushe yi amfani da mg/L don daidaito!
Me yasa ba zan iya canza g/L zuwa mol/L ba?
g/L (tattara taro) da mol/L (tattara molar) raka'o'i ne daban-daban. Canji yana buƙatar nauyin kwayar halitta: mol/L = (g/L) / (MW a g/mol). Misali: 58.44 g/L na NaCl = 1 mol/L. Amma 58.44 g/L na glucose = 0.324 mol/L (MW daban). Dole ne ka san sinadarin!
Menene ma'anar %w/v?
%w/v = kashi ɗari na nauyi/girma = gram a kowace 100 mL. 10% w/v = 10 g a kowace 100 mL = 100 g a kowace 1000 mL = 100 g/L. Canji kai tsaye! Ya bambanta da %w/w (nauyi/nauyi, yana buƙatar yawan) da %v/v (girma/girma, yana buƙatar yawan duka biyu). Koyaushe saka wane % kake nufi!
Yaya zan rage kaurin ruwa?
Yi amfani da C1V1 = C2V2. C1 = tattarawa na farko, V1 = girman farko, C2 = tattarawa na ƙarshe, V2 = girman ƙarshe. Misali: rage kaurin 100 mg/L sau 10. C2 = 10 mg/L. Kana buƙatar V1 = 10 mL, V2 = 100 mL. Ƙara 90 mL na abin narkewa zuwa 10 mL na mai kauri.
Me yasa ake auna taurin ruwa a matsayin CaCO3?
Taurin ruwa ya fito ne daga ions na Ca2+ da Mg2+, amma nauyin atom daban-daban yana sa kwatantawa kai tsaye da wahala. Canzawa zuwa kwatankwacin CaCO3 yana ba da sikelin daidaitacce. 1 mmol/L na Ca2+ = 100 mg/L a matsayin CaCO3. 1 mmol/L na Mg2+ = 100 mg/L a matsayin CaCO3. Kwatantawa mai adalci duk da bambancin ainihin ions!
Wane tattarawa ake ɗauka a matsayin alama?
Ya dogara da yanayi. Ingancin ruwa: kewayon µg/L (ppb) zuwa ng/L (ppt). Muhalli: ng/L zuwa pg/L. Asibiti: sau da yawa ng/mL zuwa µg/mL. 'Alama' gabaɗaya yana nufin <1 mg/L. Alama mai ƙaranci: <1 µg/L. Na'urorin zamani suna gano femtograms (fg) a cikin bincike!
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