Cikakken rukunin rubutu, wanda aka daidaita a matsayin 1/72 na inci

Digo suna auna girman rubutu, tazarar layi (leading), da sauran matakan rubutu. Rubutun 12pt yana nufin cewa nisan da ke tsakanin mafi ƙanƙantar haruffa masu gangarowa da mafi tsayin haruffa masu hawa shine digo 12 (1/6 na inci ko 4.23mm). Tsarin digo yana samar da ma'auni marasa dogaro da na'ura waɗanda ke fassara daidai a fadin kafofin watsa labarai.

Misali: 12pt Times New Roman = tsayin inci 0.1667 = 4.23mm. Rubutun jiki na kwararru yawanci yana amfani da 10-12pt, kanun labarai 18-72pt.

Rukunin dijital wanda ke wakiltar digo ɗaya akan allo ko hoto

Pixel rukunin ne da suka dogara da na'ura waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da yawan allon (DPI/PPI). Adadin pixel iri ɗaya yana bayyana da girma akan alluna masu ƙarancin ƙuduri (72 PPI) kuma ƙarami akan alluna masu ƙuduri na retina (220+ PPI). Fahimtar dangantakar DPI/PPI yana da mahimmanci don samun rubutu mai daidaito a fadin na'urori.

Misali: 16px a 96 DPI = 12pt. Hakanan 16px a 300 DPI (bugu) = 3.84pt. Koyaushe saka DPI da ake so lokacin juyar da pixel.

Rukunin rubutu na gargajiya daidai da digo 12 ko 1/6 na inci

Pica suna auna faɗin shafi, gefuna, da matakan shimfidar shafi a cikin zanen bugu na gargajiya. Shirye-shiryen bugawa na tebur kamar InDesign da QuarkXPress suna amfani da pica a matsayin asalin rukunin awo. Pica ɗaya daidai yake da digo 12, wanda ke sauƙaƙe juyawa.

Misali: Shafin jarida na yau da kullun na iya zama pica 15 a faɗi (inci 2.5 ko digo 180). Shimfidar mujallu galibi suna amfani da ma'aunin pica 30-40.

1450–1737

Haihuwar nau'in motsi ya haifar da buƙatar ma'auni daidaitattu, amma tsarin yanki ya kasance bai dace ba tsawon ƙarnuka.

• 1450: Injin buga takardu na Gutenberg ya haifar da buƙatar daidaitattun girman nau'in
• Shekarun 1500: An sanya wa girman nau'in sunaye bayan bugu na Littafi Mai Tsarki (Cicero, Augustin, da sauransu)
• Shekarun 1600: Kowane yanki na Turai ya haɓaka tsarin digonsa
• Shekarun 1690: Mai buga takardu na Faransa Fournier ya ba da shawarar tsarin kashi 12
• Tsarin farko: Ba su da daidaito sosai, sun bambanta da 0.01-0.02mm tsakanin yankuna

1737–1886

Mai buga takardu na Faransa François-Ambroise Didot ya ƙirƙiro ma'auni na farko na gaskiya, wanda aka karɓa a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau a Faransa da Jamus.

• 1737: Fournier ya ba da shawarar tsarin digo wanda ya dogara da inci na sarautar Faransa
• 1770: François-Ambroise Didot ya inganta tsarin — digo 1 na Didot = 0.376mm
• 1785: Cicero (digo 12 na Didot) ya zama ma'auni na yau da kullun
• Shekarun 1800: Tsarin Didot ya mamaye bugu na nahiyar Turai
• Zamani: Har yanzu ana amfani da shi a Faransa, Jamus, Belgium don bugu na gargajiya

1886–1984

Masu buga takardu na Amurka da Birtaniya sun daidaita tsarin pica, suna ayyana digo 1 a matsayin inci 0.013837 (1/72.27 na inci), suna mamaye rubutun harshen Ingilishi.

• 1886: Masu kafa Nau'in Amurka sun kafa tsarin pica: 1 pt = 0.013837"
• 1898: Birtaniya ta karɓi ma'aunin Amurka, ta haifar da haɗin kan Anglo-Amurka
• Shekarun 1930-1970: Tsarin pica ya mamaye duk bugu na harshen Ingilishi
• Bambanci: Digon Anglo-Amurka (0.351mm) vs Didot (0.376mm) — 7% ya fi girma
• Tasiri: Ya buƙaci simintin nau'i daban-daban don kasuwannin Amurka/Birtaniya da na Turai

1984–Yanzu

Ma'aunin PostScript na Adobe ya haɗa kan rubutun duniya ta hanyar ayyana digo 1 a matsayin daidai 1/72 na inci, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen ƙarnuka na rashin dacewa da kuma ba da damar rubutun dijital.

• 1984: Adobe PostScript ya ayyana 1 pt = daidai 1/72 na inci (0.3528mm)
• 1985: Apple LaserWriter ya sa PostScript ya zama ma'auni don bugawar tebur
• Shekarun 1990: Digon PostScript ya zama ma'aunin duniya, yana maye gurbin tsarin yanki
• Shekarun 2000: TrueType, OpenType sun karɓi ma'aunin PostScript
• Zamani: Digon PostScript shine ma'auni na duniya don duk zanen dijital

An kafa shi a 1770 ta François-Ambroise Didot

Ma'aunin nahiyar Turai, wanda har yanzu ake amfani da shi a Faransa, Jamus, da sassan Gabashin Turai don bugu na gargajiya.

• digo 1 na Didot = 0.376mm (vs PostScript 0.353mm) — 6.5% ya fi girma
• Cicero 1 = digo 12 na Didot = 4.51mm (kwatankwacin pica)
• Ya dogara ne akan inci na sarautar Faransa (27.07mm), yana samar da sauƙi kamar na awo
• Har yanzu ana fifita shi a cikin littattafan fasaha na Turai da bugu na gargajiya
• Amfanin zamani: Imprimerie nationale na Faransa, rubutun Fraktur na Jamus

An ƙirƙiro shi a 1978 ta Donald Knuth don rubutun kwamfuta

Ma'aunin ilimi don bugu na lissafi da kimiyya, wanda aka inganta don ingantaccen rubutun dijital.

• digo 1 na TeX = 1/72.27 na inci = 0.351mm (ya dace da tsohon digon Anglo-Amurka)
• An zaɓa don kiyaye dacewa da littattafan ilimi na da
• pica 1 na TeX = digo 12 na TeX (ya ɗan fi ƙanƙanta da pica na PostScript)
• Ana amfani da shi da LaTeX, babban tsarin bugu na kimiyya
• Muhimmi ga: Takardun ilimi, rubutun lissafi, mujallun kimiyyar lissafi

Rubutun Microsoft Word da Windows

Rukunin awo na ciki don masu sarrafa kalmomi, yana ba da cikakken iko don shimfidar takardun dijital.

• twip 1 = 1/20 na digo = 1/1440 na inci = 0.0176mm
• Suna: 'Goma sha biyu na Digo' — awo mai matuƙar daidaito
• Ana amfani da shi a ciki da: Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Windows GDI
• Yana ba da damar girman digo na gutsure ba tare da lissafin lamba mai iyo ba
• twip 20 = digo 1, yana ba da damar daidaito na 0.05pt don rubutun kwararru

Ma'aunin 1886 na Masu kafa Nau'in Amurka

Ma'aunin da na bugu na harshen Ingilishi, wanda ya ɗan bambanta da PostScript.

• digo 1 na mai bugawa = inci 0.013837 = 0.351mm
• Daidai da 1/72.27 na inci (vs PostScript 1/72) — 0.4% ya fi ƙanƙanta
• Pica = inci 0.166 (vs PostScript 0.16667) — bambanci da kyar ake iya gani
• Ya mamaye 1886-1984 kafin haɗin kan PostScript
• Tasirin gado: Wasu shagunan bugu na gargajiya har yanzu suna yin la'akari da wannan tsarin

Kalmar 'font' ta fito ne daga Faransanci 'fonte' wanda ke nufin 'simintin' ko 'narke'—yana nufin narkakken karfe da aka zuba a cikin ƙira don ƙirƙirar guda ɗaya na nau'in ƙarfe a cikin bugu na gargajiya.

PostScript ya zaɓi digo 72 a kowane inci saboda 72 yana rarrabuwa da 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, da 36—wanda ke sauƙaƙe lissafi. Hakanan ya yi daidai da tsarin pica na gargajiya (digo 72.27/inci).

Bauer Bodoni ya kai dala 89,900 ga duka iyali—ɗaya daga cikin rubutun kasuwanci mafi tsada da aka taɓa sayarwa. Zane ya buƙaci shekaru na aiki don canza shi zuwa dijital daga asalin samfuran nau'in ƙarfe na shekarun 1920.

Duk da ƙin masu zane, Comic Sans yana ƙara saurin karatu ga masu karatu masu fama da dyslexia da kashi 10-15% saboda siffofin haruffa marasa daidaito waɗanda ke hana ruɗani na haruffa. A zahiri kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci na samun dama.

Alamar '@' tana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin harsuna daban-daban: 'katantanwa' (Italiyanci), 'wutsiyar biri' (Holanci), 'ƙaramin bera' (Sinanci), da 'kifin herring da aka nannade' (Czech)—amma haruffa iri ɗaya ne na 24pt.

Apple ya zaɓi 72 DPI don Macs na asali don yayi daidai da digon PostScript (pixel 1 = digo 1), wanda ya sa bugawar tebur na WYSIWYG ya yiwu a karon farko a 1984. Wannan ya kawo sauyi a zanen hoto.

Gutenberg ya ƙirƙiro nau'in motsi—buƙatar farko don ma'aunin awo na rubutu

François-Ambroise Didot ya ƙirƙiro tsarin digo na Didot (0.376mm)

Masu kafa Nau'in Amurka sun daidaita tsarin pica (1 pt = 1/72.27 na inci)

Donald Knuth ya ƙirƙiro tsarin digo na TeX don rubutun ilimi

Adobe PostScript ya ayyana 1 pt = daidai 1/72 na inci—haɗin kai na duniya

Apple LaserWriter ya kawo PostScript zuwa bugawar tebur

Tsarin rubutun TrueType ya daidaita rubutun dijital

CSS ya gabatar da rubutun yanar gizo tare da ma'auni na pixel

iPhone ya gabatar da allon retina @2x—zanen da bai dogara da yawa ba

An ƙaddamar da Android tare da dp (pixel marasa dogaro da yawa)

Rubutun yanar gizo (WOFF) sun ba da damar rubutun al'ada a kan layi

Ƙayyadaddun rubutun masu canzawa—fayil ɗaya, salo marasa iyaka

96 DPI (pixel 96 a kowane inci)

Microsoft ya daidaita 96 DPI a cikin Windows 95, yana haifar da rabo na 4:3 tsakanin pixel da digo. Wannan ya kasance asalin ga yawancin allunan PC.

• 1 px a 96 DPI = 0.75 pt (pixel 4 = digo 3)
• 16px = 12pt — juyawar girman rubutun jiki na yau da kullun
• Tarihi: An zaɓa a matsayin sau 1.5 na asalin ma'aunin CGA na 64 DPI
• Zamani: Alluna masu girman DPI suna amfani da haɓakawa na 125%, 150%, 200% (120, 144, 192 DPI)
• Asalin yanar gizo: CSS yana ɗaukar 96 DPI don duk juyawar px zuwa zahiri

72 DPI (na da), 220 PPI (@2x Retina)

DPI 72 na asali na Apple ya dace da digon PostScript 1:1. Allunan Retina na zamani suna amfani da haɓakawa na @2x/@3x don nuni mai kaifi.

• Na da: 1 px a 72 DPI = daidai digo 1 (cikakken daidaito)
• Retina @2x: pixel 2 na zahiri a kowane digo, 220 PPI mai tasiri
• Retina @3x: pixel 3 na zahiri a kowane digo, 330 PPI (iPhone)
• Fa'ida: Girman digo ya dace a fadin allo da samfurin bugu
• Gaskiya: Retina na zahiri shine 220 PPI amma an haɓaka shi don bayyana a matsayin 110 PPI (2×)

160 DPI (pixel mara dogaro da yawa)

Tsarin dp (pixel marasa dogaro da yawa) na Android yana daidaita zuwa tushen 160 DPI, tare da rukunin yawa don alluna daban-daban.

• 1 dp a 160 DPI = 0.45 pt (pixel 160/inci ÷ digo 72/inci)
• Rukunin yawa: ldpi (120), mdpi (160), hdpi (240), xhdpi (320), xxhdpi (480)
• Tsari: pixel na zahiri = dp × (DPI na allo / 160)
• 16sp (pixel mara dogaro da sikelin) = shawarar mafi ƙarancin girman rubutu
• Fa'ida: Ƙimar dp iri ɗaya tana bayyana daidai a zahiri a fadin duk na'urorin Android

72 DPI (@1x), 144 DPI (@2x), 216 DPI (@3x)

iOS na amfani da digo a matsayin rukunin ma'ana daidai da digon PostScript, tare da adadin pixel na zahiri ya dogara da ƙarni na allo (ba retina ba @1x, retina @2x, super-retina @3x).

• digo 1 na iOS a @1x = 1.0 pt PostScript (tushen 72 DPI, kamar PostScript)
• Retina @2x: pixel 2 na zahiri a kowane digo na iOS (144 DPI)
• Super Retina @3x: pixel 3 na zahiri a kowane digo na iOS (216 DPI)
• Duk zanen iOS na amfani da digo; tsarin yana sarrafa yawan pixel ta atomatik
• 17pt = mafi ƙarancin shawarar girman rubutun jiki (samun dama)

Ƙudurin firinta — digo nawa na tawada suka dace a cikin inci ɗaya

DPI na auna ƙudurin fitowar firinta. Mafi girman DPI yana haifar da rubutu da hotuna masu santsi ta hanyar sanya ƙarin digo na tawada a kowane inci.

• 300 DPI: Ma'auni don bugu na kwararru (mujallu, littattafai)
• 600 DPI: Buga na laser mai inganci (takardun kasuwanci)
• 1200-2400 DPI: Buga hoto na kwararru da sake buga fasaha mai kyau
• 72 DPI: Samfurin allo kawai — ba za a iya karɓa ba don bugu (yana da kaifi)
• 150 DPI: Buga na daftari ko manyan fastoci (ana gani daga nesa)

Ƙudurin allo — pixel nawa suka dace a cikin inci ɗaya na allo

PPI na auna yawan allo. Mafi girman PPI yana haifar da rubutu mai kaifi ta hanyar tattara ƙarin pixel a cikin sararin zahiri iri ɗaya.

• 72 PPI: Allunan Mac na asali (pixel 1 = digo 1)
• 96 PPI: Allunan Windows na yau da kullun (pixel 1.33 a kowane digo)
• 110-120 PPI: Kananan kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka/tebur masu rahusa
• 220 PPI: MacBook Retina, iPad Pro (yawan pixel 2×)
• 326-458 PPI: iPhone Retina/Super Retina (yawan pixel 3×)
• 400-600 PPI: Wayoyin Android masu inganci (Samsung, Google Pixel)

Bugu na amfani da rukunin cikakku (digo, pica) saboda girman fitowar zahiri dole ne ya zama daidai kuma bai dogara da na'ura ba.

• Rubutun jiki: 10-12pt don littattafai, 9-11pt don mujallu
• Kanun labarai: 18-72pt dangane da matsayi da tsari
• Tazarar layi (leading): 120% na girman rubutu (rubutun 12pt = tazarar layi 14.4pt)
• Auna cikakkun matakai a cikin pica: 'Faɗin shafi: 25 pica'
• Koyaushe zana a 300 DPI don bugu na kwararru
• Kada a taɓa amfani da pixel don bugu — juya su zuwa digo/pica/inci

Rubutun yanar gizo na amfani da pixel da rukunin dangi saboda alluna sun bambanta a girma da yawa.

• Rubutun jiki: 16px asali (ma'aunin burauza) = 12pt a 96 DPI
• Kada a taɓa amfani da girman digo cikakku a cikin CSS — burauza suna nuna su ba tare da tsammani ba
• Zane mai amsawa: Yi amfani da rem (dangane da asalin rubutu) don daidaitawa
• Mafi ƙarancin rubutu: 14px don jiki, 12px don taken (samun dama)
• Tsayin layi: 1.5 (ba tare da rukuni ba) don karantawar rubutun jiki
• Tambayoyin kafofin watsa labarai: Zana don 320px (hannu) zuwa 1920px+ (tebur)

Dandamali na hannu na amfani da rukunin marasa dogaro da yawa (dp/pt) don tabbatar da girman zahiri mai daidaito a fadin yawa daban-daban.

• iOS: Zana a cikin digo (pt), tsarin yana haɓaka zuwa @2x/@3x ta atomatik
• Android: Yi amfani da dp (pixel marasa dogaro da yawa) don shimfidu, sp don rubutu
• Mafi ƙarancin wurin taɓawa: 44pt (iOS) ko 48dp (Android) don samun dama
• Rubutun jiki: 16sp (Android) ko 17pt (iOS) mafi ƙanƙanta
• Kada a taɓa amfani da pixel na zahiri — koyaushe yi amfani da rukunin ma'ana (dp/pt)
• Gwada a kan yawa daban-daban: mdpi, hdpi, xhdpi, xxhdpi, xxxhdpi

Bugu na ilimi na amfani da digon TeX don daidaiton lissafi da dacewa da wallafe-wallafen da aka kafa.

• LaTeX na amfani da digon TeX (72.27 a kowane inci) don dacewa da na da
• Jarida na yau da kullun: rubutun Computer Modern na 10pt
• Tsarin shafi biyu: shafuka 3.33 na inci (240pt) tare da tazarar inci 0.25 (18pt)
• Daidaito: Daidaitaccen girman digo yana da mahimmanci don rubutun lissafi
• Juya a hankali: 1 TeX pt = 0.9963 PostScript pt
• Fitowar PDF: TeX na sarrafa juyawar tsarin digo ta atomatik

• Koyaushe yi aiki a cikin digo ko pica — kada a taɓa amfani da pixel don bugu
• Saita takardu a ainihin girman (300 DPI) daga farko
• Yi amfani da 10-12pt don rubutun jiki; duk abin da ya fi ƙanƙanta yana rage karantawa
• Tazarar layi ya kamata ya zama 120-145% na girman rubutu don karatu mai daɗi
• Gefuna: Mafi ƙanƙanta inci 0.5 (36pt) don ɗaurawa da sarrafawa
• Gudanar da gwajin bugu a ainihin girman kafin aikawa zuwa firinta na kasuwanci

• Yi amfani da rem don girman rubutu — yana ba mai amfani damar zuƙowa ba tare da karya shimfidar ba
• Saita asalin rubutu zuwa 16px (asalin burauza) — kada ya gaza
• Yi amfani da ƙimar tsayin layi ba tare da rukuni ba (1.5) maimakon tsayi mai tsayayye
• Kada a taɓa amfani da girman digo cikakku a cikin CSS — nuni ba tare da tsammani ba
• Gwada a kan ainihin na'urori, ba kawai canza girman burauza ba — DPI yana da mahimmanci
• Mafi ƙarancin girman rubutu: 14px jiki, 12px take, 44px wuraren taɓawa

• iOS: Zana a @1x, fitar da kadarorin @2x da @3x ta atomatik
• Android: Zana a cikin dp, gwada a kan mdpi/hdpi/xhdpi/xxhdpi
• Mafi ƙarancin rubutu: 17pt (iOS) ko 16sp (Android) don samun dama
• Wuraren taɓawa: 44pt (iOS) ko 48dp (Android) mafi ƙanƙanta
• Gwada a kan na'urorin zahiri — masu kwaikwayo ba sa nuna ainihin yawa
• Yi amfani da rubutun tsarin idan za ta yiwu — an inganta su don dandamali

• Mafi ƙarancin rubutun jiki: 16px (yanar gizo), 17pt (iOS), 16sp (Android)
• Bambanci mai yawa: 4.5:1 don rubutun jiki, 3:1 don babban rubutu (18pt+)
• Taimaka wa haɓakawar mai amfani: yi amfani da rukunin dangi, ba girman da aka gyara ba
• Tsayin layi: haruffa 45-75 a kowane layi don ingantacciyar karantawa
• Tsayin layi: mafi ƙarancin sau 1.5 na girman rubutu don samun damar dyslexia
• Gwada da masu karanta allo da zuƙowa a 200%

Photoshop yana ɗaukar 72 PPI don nunin allo, yayin da Word ke amfani da 96 DPI (Windows) don shimfidawa. Rubutun 12pt a Photoshop yana bayyana da kashi 33% ya fi girma akan allo fiye da na Word, kodayake duka biyun suna bugawa a girma iri ɗaya. Saita Photoshop zuwa 300 PPI don aikin bugu don ganin girman da ya dace.

Koyaushe a cikin pixel (ko rukunin dangi kamar rem/em) don yanar gizo. Digo rukuni ne na zahiri cikakku waɗanda ke bayyana ba tare da daidaito ba a fadin burauza da na'urori daban-daban. 12pt na iya zama 16px akan na'ura ɗaya da 20px akan wata. Yi amfani da px/rem don rubutun yanar gizo da za a iya hasashensa.

pt = cikakken zahiri (1/72 na inci), px = pixel na allo (ya bambanta da DPI), dp = Android mara dogaro da yawa (an daidaita shi zuwa 160 DPI). Yi amfani da pt don bugu, px don yanar gizo, dp don Android, pt na ma'ana na iOS don iOS. Kowane tsari an inganta shi don dandamalinsa.

Aikace-aikace suna fassara digo daban-daban dangane da hasashensu na DPI. Word na amfani da 96 DPI, asalin Photoshop shine 72 PPI, InDesign na amfani da ainihin ƙudurin na'ura. 12pt koyaushe inci 1/6 ne lokacin da aka buga, amma yana bayyana da girma daban-daban akan allo saboda saitunan DPI.

Ninka digon TeX da 0.9963 don samun digon PostScript (1 TeX pt = 1/72.27 na inci vs PostScript 1/72 na inci). Bambancin yana da ƙanƙanta—kawai 0.37%—amma yana da mahimmanci ga bugu na ilimi inda daidaitaccen tazara ke da mahimmanci don rubutun lissafi.

Bugu: 300 DPI mafi ƙanƙanta, 600 DPI don inganci mai yawa. Yanar gizo: Zana a 96 DPI, samar da kadarorin @2x don retina. Hannu: Zana a @1x a cikin rukunin ma'ana (pt/dp), fitar da @2x/@3x. Kada a taɓa zana a 72 DPI sai dai idan kuna son tsofaffin allunan Mac.

Girman rubutun asali na burauza shine 16px (kwatankwacin 12pt a 96 DPI), an zaɓa don ingantacciyar karantawa a nisan kallo na yau da kullun (inci 18-24). Duk abin da ya fi ƙanƙanta yana rage karantawa, musamman ga tsofaffi masu amfani. Koyaushe yi amfani da 16px a matsayin tushenku don girman dangi.

Sai dai idan kuna aiki da bugu na gargajiya na Turai, masu bugawa na Faransa, ko sake buga tarihi. Digon Didot (0.376mm) sun fi girma da kashi 6.5% fiye da digon PostScript. Zane na zamani na dijital yana amfani da digon PostScript a duk duniya—Didot yana da mahimmanci ga rubutun gargajiya da littattafan fasaha.