Mai Musanya Gudun Canja wurin Bayanai
Mai Canza Gudun Canja wurin Bayanai — Mbps, MB/s, Gbit/s & Rukunnai 87+
Canza gudun canja wurin bayanai a tsakanin rukunnai 87: bits/s (Mbps, Gbps), bytes/s (MB/s, GB/s), ma'auni na cibiyar sadarwa (WiFi 7, 5G, Thunderbolt 5, 400G Ethernet). Fahimci dalilin da ya sa 100 Mbps ≠ 100 MB/s!
Tushen Canja wurin Bayanai
Bits a sakan daya (bps)
Gudun cibiyar sadarwa a cikin bits. ISP suna tallata a cikin Mbps, Gbps. Intanet na 100 Mbps, fiber na 1 Gbps. Talla na amfani da bits saboda lambobin suna kama da manya! 8 bits = 1 byte, don haka ainihin gudun saukewa shine 1/8 na wanda aka tallata.
- Kbps, Mbps, Gbps (bits)
- Gudun da ISP suka tallata
- Yana kama da babba (talla)
- Raba da 8 don bytes
Bytes a sakan daya (B/s)
Ainihin gudun canja wuri. Saukewa yana nuna MB/s, GB/s. Intanet na 100 Mbps = 12.5 MB/s na saukewa. Kullum sau 8 karami fiye da bits. Wannan shine ainihin gudun da kake samu!
- KB/s, MB/s, GB/s (bytes)
- Ainihin gudun saukewa
- Sau 8 karami fiye da bits
- Abin da kake samu da gaske
Ma'auni na Cibiyar Sadarwa
Bayanan fasaha na ainihi. WiFi 6 (9.6 Gbps), 5G (10 Gbps), Thunderbolt 5 (120 Gbps), 400G Ethernet. Waɗannan su ne mafi girman ka'idoji. Ainihin gudun shine 30-70% na wanda aka ƙididdige saboda ƙarin aiki, cunkoso, da nisa.
- Mafi girman ka'idoji
- Ainihi = 30-70% na wanda aka ƙididdige
- WiFi, 5G, USB, Ethernet
- Ƙarin aiki yana rage gudu
- Bits (Mbps): gudun tallan ISP
- Bytes (MB/s): ainihin gudun saukewa
- Raba Mbps da 8 = MB/s
- 100 Mbps = 12.5 MB/s na saukewa
- Bayanan cibiyar sadarwa su ne mafi girma
- Ainihin gudun: 30-70% na wanda aka ƙididdige
An Bayyana Tsare-tsaren Gudu
Gudun ISP (Bits)
Masu samar da intanet suna amfani da Mbps, Gbps. Kunshin 100 Mbps, fiber na 1 Gbps. Bits suna sa lambobi su zama manya! 1000 Mbps yana jin dadi fiye da 125 MB/s (gudu daya). Ilimin halayyar talla.
- Mbps, Gbps (bits)
- Kunshe-kunshen ISP
- Lambobi masu girma
- Dabarar talla
Gudun Saukewa (Bytes)
Abin da kake gani a zahiri. Steam, Chrome, uTorrent suna nuna MB/s. Intanet na 100 Mbps yana saukewa a matsakaicin 12.5 MB/s. Koyaushe raba gudun ISP da 8 don ainihin gudun saukewa.
- MB/s, GB/s (bytes)
- Masu sarrafa saukewa
- Raba ISP da 8
- An nuna ainihin gudu
Ma'auni na Fasaha
Bayanan WiFi, Ethernet, USB, 5G. WiFi 6: 9.6 Gbps a ka'idar. Ainihi: 600-900 Mbps yawanci. 5G: 10 Gbps a ka'idar. Ainihi: 500-1500 Mbps yawanci. Bayanan suna cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ba na ainihi ba!
- WiFi, 5G, USB, Ethernet
- Ka'ida da ainihi
- Ƙarin aiki yana da muhimmanci
- Nisa yana lalatawa
Dalilin da ya sa Gudun ya yi kasa da wanda aka Tallata
Ƙarin Aiki na Ka'ida
Bayanai suna buƙatar kanun labarai, gyaran kuskure, da tabbatarwa. TCP/IP yana ƙara 5-10% ƙarin aiki. WiFi yana ƙara 30-50% ƙarin aiki. Ethernet yana ƙara 5-15% ƙarin aiki. Ainihin aiki koyaushe ya fi ƙanƙanta da wanda aka ƙididdige. 1 Gbps Ethernet = 940 Mbps mafi girman da za a iya amfani da shi.
- TCP/IP: 5-10% ƙarin aiki
- WiFi: 30-50% ƙarin aiki
- Ethernet: 5-15% ƙarin aiki
- Kanun labarai suna rage gudu
Lalacewar Mara waya
WiFi yana raunana da nisa da bango. A 1m: 90% na wanda aka ƙididdige. A 10m: 50% na wanda aka ƙididdige. Ta bango: 30% na wanda aka ƙididdige. 5G yana kama da haka. mmWave 5G an toshe shi gaba daya ta bango! Matsalolin jiki suna kashe gudu.
- Nisa yana rage sigina
- Bango yana toshe WiFi
- 5G mmWave: bango = 0
- Kusa = sauri
Raba Gudun sadarwa
Ana raba karfin cibiyar sadarwa tsakanin masu amfani. WiFi na gida: duk na'urori suna rabawa. ISP: unguwa tana rabawa. Hasumiyar salula: duk wanda ke kusa yana rabawa. Yawancin masu amfani = sannu a hankali ga kowa. Lokutan cunkoso sun fi sannu a hankali!
- An raba tsakanin masu amfani
- Yawancin masu amfani = sannu a hankali
- Lokutan cunkoso sun fi muni
- Ba gudun da aka keɓe ba
Aikace-aikace na Ainihi
Intanet na Gida
Kunshe-kunshe na yau da kullun: 100 Mbps (12.5 MB/s), 300 Mbps (37.5 MB/s), 1 Gbps (125 MB/s). Yawo na 4K: yana buƙatar 25 Mbps. Wasa: yana buƙatar 10-25 Mbps. Kiran bidiyo: 3-10 Mbps.
- 100 Mbps: na asali
- 300 Mbps: iyali
- 1 Gbps: masu amfani da yawa
- Daidaita da amfani
Kasuwanci
Ofisoshi: 1-10 Gbps. Cibiyoyin bayanai: 100-400 Gbps. Giza-giza: Tbps. Kasuwanci suna buƙatar gudun daidai.
- Ofis: 1-10 Gbps
- Cibiyar bayanai: 100-400 Gbps
- Daidai
- Babban gudun sadarwa
Na Waya
4G: 20-50 Mbps. 5G: 100-400 Mbps. mmWave: 1-3 Gbps (da wuya). Ya dogara da wuri.
- 4G: 20-50 Mbps
- 5G: 100-400 Mbps
- mmWave: 1-3 Gbps
- Ya bambanta sosai
Lissafi Mai Sauri
Mbps zuwa MB/s
Raba da 8. 100 Mbps / 8 = 12.5 MB/s. Da sauri: raba da 10.
- Mbps / 8 = MB/s
- 100 Mbps = 12.5 MB/s
- 1 Gbps = 125 MB/s
- Da sauri: / 10
Lokacin Saukewa
Girman / gudu = lokaci. 1 GB a 12.5 MB/s = 80 sakan.
- Girman / gudu = lokaci
- 1 GB @ 12.5 MB/s = 80s
- Ƙara 10-20% ƙarin aiki
- Lokacin ainihi ya fi tsayi
Yadda Canje-canje ke Aiki
- Bits zuwa bytes: / 8
- Bytes zuwa bits: x 8
- ISP = bits (Mbps)
- Saukewa = bytes (MB/s)
- Koyaushe raba da 8
Canje-canje na gama gari
| Daga | Zuwa | Ma'auni | Misali |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mbps | MB/s | / 8 | 100 Mbps = 12.5 MB/s |
| Gbps | MB/s | x 125 | 1 Gbps = 125 MB/s |
| Gbps | Mbps | x 1000 | 1 Gbps = 1000 Mbps |
Misalai Masu Sauri
Matsalolin da aka warware
Duba Gudun ISP
Intanet na 300 Mbps. Ainihin saukewa?
300 / 8 = 37.5 MB/s a ka'idar. Tare da ƙarin aiki: 30-35 MB/s ainihi. Wannan al'ada ce!
Lokacin Saukewa
Wasan 50 GB, 200 Mbps. Yaya tsawon lokaci?
200 Mbps = 25 MB/s. 50,000 / 25 = 2,000 sakan = 33 min. Ƙara ƙarin aiki: 37-40 min.
WiFi da Ethernet
WiFi 6 da 10G Ethernet?
Ainihin WiFi 6: 600 Mbps. Ainihin 10G Ethernet: 9.4 Gbps. Ethernet ya fi sauri sau 15+!
Kuskuren da aka saba yi
- **Rikita Mbps da MB/s**: 100 Mbps ≠ 100 MB/s! Raba da 8. ISP suna amfani da bits, saukewa suna amfani da bytes.
- **Begen gudun ka'ida**: WiFi 6 = 9.6 Gbps da aka ƙididdige, 600 Mbps ainihi. Ƙarin aiki yana rage zuwa 30-70%.
- **Yarda da talla**: 'Intanet na Gig 1' = 125 MB/s mafi girma, 110-120 MB/s ainihi. Bambancin dakin gwaje-gwaje da na gida.
- **Manta da loda sama**: ISP suna tallata saukewa. Loda sama ya fi sannu a hankali sau 10-40! Duba duka gudun.
- **Kullum mafi yawan Mbps ya fi kyau**: 4K yana buƙatar 25 Mbps. 1000 Mbps ba zai inganta inganci ba. Daidaita da amfani.
Abubuwan Ban Sha'awa
Ranaku na Dial-Up
Modem na 56K: 7 KB/s. 1 GB = 40+ hours! Gigabit = sau 18,000 fiye da sauri. Saukewar yini yanzu tana ɗaukar sakan 8.
Toshewar 5G mmWave
5G mmWave: 1-3 Gbps amma bango, ganye, ruwan sama, da hannaye suna toshe shi! Tsaya a bayan bishiya = babu sigina.
Thunderbolt 5
120 Gbps = 15 GB/s. Kwafa 100 GB a cikin sakan 6.7! Ya fi yawancin SSD sauri. Kebul ya fi na'urar sauri!
Makomar WiFi 7
46 Gbps a ka'idar, 2-5 Gbps ainihi. WiFi na farko da ya fi yawancin intanet na gida sauri! WiFi ya zama abin da ya wuce kima.
Ci gaban shekaru 30
1990s: 56 Kbps. 2020s: 10 Gbps a gida. Sau 180,000 karuwar gudu a cikin shekaru 30!
Juyin Juya Halin Gudu: Daga Telegraph zuwa Terabits
Zamanin Telegraph & Farkon Zamanin Dijital (1830s-1950s)
Watsa bayanai bai fara da kwamfutoci ba, amma da lambar Morse da ke danna kan wayoyi. Telegraph ya tabbatar da cewa bayanai na iya tafiya da sauri fiye da manzanni na zahiri.
- **Telegraph na Morse** (1844) - ~40 bits a minti daya ta hanyar buga hannu. Cibiyar sadarwar bayanai ta farko mai nisa.
- **Teletype** (1930s) - 45-75 bps watsa rubutu ta atomatik. Wayoyin labarai da tickers na kasuwa.
- **Kwamfutoci na Farko** (1940s) - katunan huda a 100-300 bps. Bayanai sun yi tafiya a hankali fiye da yadda mutum zai iya karantawa!
- **Kirkirar Modem** (1958) - 110 bps akan layin waya. AT&T Bell Labs ya ba da damar yin lissafi daga nesa.
Telegraph ya kafa babbar ka'ida: sanya bayanai a matsayin sigina na lantarki. An auna gudu a cikin kalmomi a minti daya, ba bits ba—ba a san da manufar 'bandwidth' ba tukuna.
Juyin Juya Halin Dial-Up (1960s-2000s)
Modem ya canza kowace layin waya zuwa yiwuwar haɗin bayanai. Kukan modem na 56K ya haɗa miliyoyi zuwa farkon intanet, duk da gudun da ke da zafi.
- **300 bps Acoustic Couplers** (1960s) - A zahiri ana riƙe waya zuwa modem. Kuna iya karanta rubutu da sauri fiye da yadda ake saukewa!
- **Modem na 1200 bps** (1980s) - Zamanin BBS ya fara. Sauke fayil na 100KB a cikin mintuna 11.
- **14.4 Kbps** (1991) - Ma'auni na V.32bis. AOL, CompuServe, Prodigy sun ƙaddamar da intanet ga masu amfani.
- **28.8 Kbps** (1994) - Ma'auni na V.34. Imel tare da ƙananan haɗe-haɗe ya zama mai yiwuwa.
- **Matsakaicin 56K** (1998) - Ma'auni na V.90/V.92. An kai matsakaicin ka'idar layin waya na analog. 1 MB = mintuna 2.4.
Modem na 56K ba safai suke kaiwa 56 Kbps ba—FCC ta iyakance lodawa zuwa 33.6K, kuma ingancin layin yakan iyakance saukewa zuwa 40-50K. Kowace haɗi yarjejeniya ce, tare da wannan kukan da ba a mantawa da shi.
Fashewar Broadband (1999-2010)
Haɗin da ke aiki koyaushe ya maye gurbin gwajin haƙuri na dial-up. Cable da DSL sun kawo 'broadband'—da farko kawai 1 Mbps, amma juyin juya hali idan aka kwatanta da 56K.
- **ISDN** (1990s) - 128 Kbps tashoshi biyu. 'Har yanzu Ba Ya Yin Komai'—ya yi tsada sosai, ya zo da latti.
- **DSL** (1999+) - 256 Kbps-8 Mbps. An sake amfani da layin waya na jan karfe. Gudun da ba daidai ba ya fara.
- **Intanet na Cable** (2000+) - 1-10 Mbps. An raba gudun sadarwa a unguwa. Gudun ya bambanta sosai da lokacin rana.
- **Fiber zuwa Gida** (2005+) - 10-100 Mbps daidai. Abubuwan more rayuwa na farko da ke da ikon gigabit.
- **DOCSIS 3.0** (2006) - Modem na cable sun kai 100+ Mbps. An haɗa tashoshi da yawa.
Broadband ya canza amfani da intanet. Yawo na bidiyo ya zama mai yiwuwa. Wasan kan layi ya zama ruwan dare. Adana bayanai a giza-giza ya fito. Haɗin da ke 'aiki koyaushe' ya canza yadda muke rayuwa a kan layi.
Juyin Juya Halin Mara Waya (2007-Yanzu)
Wayoyin salula na zamani sun buƙaci bayanai na wayar hannu. WiFi ya 'yantar da na'urori daga kebul. Gudun mara waya yanzu yana fafatawa ko ya zarce haɗin da aka yi da waya na shekaru goma da suka gabata.
- **3G** (2001+) - 384 Kbps-2 Mbps. Bayanai na wayar hannu na farko. A hankali sosai da ma'auni na yanzu.
- **WiFi 802.11n** (2009) - 300-600 Mbps a ka'idar. Ainihi: 50-100 Mbps. Yana da kyau don yawo na HD.
- **4G LTE** (2009+) - 10-50 Mbps yawanci. Intanet na wayar hannu a ƙarshe ya zama mai amfani. Ya kawar da buƙatar wuraren zafi na wayar hannu.
- **WiFi 5 (ac)** (2013) - 1.3 Gbps a ka'idar. Ainihi: 200-400 Mbps. Gidaje masu na'urori da yawa sun zama masu yiwuwa.
- **WiFi 6 (ax)** (2019) - 9.6 Gbps a ka'idar. Ainihi: 600-900 Mbps. Yana kula da dubunnan na'urori.
- **5G** (2019+) - 100-400 Mbps yawanci, 1-3 Gbps mmWave. Mara waya na farko da ya fi yawancin broadband na gida sauri.
WiFi 7 (2024): 46 Gbps a ka'idar, 2-5 Gbps ainihi. Mara waya yana zama da sauri fiye da wanda aka yi da waya a karon farko a tarihi.
Sikelin Cibiyar Bayanai & Kasuwanci (2010-Yanzu)
Yayin da masu amfani ke murnar gigabit, cibiyoyin bayanai suna aiki a sikelin da ba za a iya misaltawa ba ga yawancin: 100G, 400G, kuma yanzu Ethernet na terabit yana haɗa rakunan sabar.
- **10 Gigabit Ethernet** (2002) - 10 Gbps da aka yi da waya. Tushen kasuwanci. Kudin: $1000+ a kowace tashar jiragen ruwa.
- **40G/100G Ethernet** (2010) - Haɗin cibiyar bayanai. Gilashin gani ya maye gurbin jan karfe. Kudin tashar jiragen ruwa ya faɗi zuwa $100-300.
- **Thunderbolt 3** (2015) - 40 Gbps hanyar sadarwa ta masu amfani. Mai haɗin USB-C. Adana bayanai na waje da sauri ya zama ruwan dare.
- **400G Ethernet** (2017) - 400 Gbps sauye-sauyen cibiyar bayanai. Tashar jiragen ruwa ɗaya = 3,200 rafin bidiyo na HD.
- **Thunderbolt 5** (2023) - 120 Gbps biyu-biyu. Kebul na masu amfani ya fi yawancin NIC na sabar daga 2010 sauri.
- **800G Ethernet** (2022) - 800 Gbps cibiyar bayanai. Tashoshin terabit suna zuwa. Kebul ɗaya = karfin ISP na unguwa gaba ɗaya.
Tashar 400G ɗaya tana canja wurin 50 GB/sakan—fiye da bayanan da modem 56K zai iya canja wurin a cikin shekaru 2.5 na aiki ba tsayawa!
Yanayin Zamani & Makomar (2020+)
Gudun ya daidaita ga masu amfani (gigabit ya 'isa'), yayin da ababen more rayuwa ke tsere zuwa terabits. Matsalar ta koma daga haɗi zuwa wuraren ƙarshe.
- **Intanet na Masu Amfani** - 100-1000 Mbps yawanci. 1-10 Gbps akwai a birane. Gudun ya wuce ikon yawancin na'urori don amfani da shi.
- **Aiwatar da 5G** - 100-400 Mbps yawanci, 1-3 Gbps mmWave da wuya. Rufewa ya fi muhimmanci fiye da gudun gudu.
- **Cikawar WiFi** - Ma'auni na WiFi 6/6E. WiFi 7 yana zuwa. Mara waya ya 'isa' ga kusan komai.
- **Juyin Halittar Cibiyar Bayanai** - 400G yana zama ma'auni. Ana aiwatar da 800G. Ethernet na Terabit a kan taswira.
Iyakokin yau: gudun adanawa (SSDs max ~7 GB/s), CPU na sabar (ba za su iya aiwatar da fakiti da sauri ba), jinkiri (gudun haske), da kudin (akwai haɗin gida na 10G, amma wa ke buƙatar su?)
Sikelin Gudu: Daga Lambar Morse zuwa Ethernet na Terabit
Canja wurin bayanai ya mamaye sikelin girma 14—daga danna telegraph na hannu zuwa sauye-sauyen cibiyar bayanai da ke motsa terabits a sakan daya. Fahimtar wannan sikelin yana bayyana yadda muka ci gaba.
Tarihi mai Sannu (1-1000 bps)
- **Telegraph na Morse** - ~40 bps (buga hannu). 1 MB = sa'o'i 55.
- **Teletype** - 45-75 bps. 1 MB = sa'o'i 40.
- **Modem na Farko** - 110-300 bps. 1 MB = sa'o'i 10 a 300 bps.
- **Acoustic Coupler** - 300 bps. Kuna iya karanta rubutu da sauri fiye da yadda ake saukewa.
Zamanin Dial-Up (1-100 Kbps)
- **Modem na 1200 bps** - 1.2 Kbps. 1 MB = mintuna 11. Zamanin BBS.
- **Modem na 14.4K** - 14.4 Kbps. 1 MB = mintuna 9.3. Farkon intanet.
- **Modem na 28.8K** - 28.8 Kbps. 1 MB = mintuna 4.6. Ana iya haɗa imel.
- **Modem na 56K** - 56 Kbps (~50 ainihi). 1 MB = mintuna 2-3. Matsakaicin analog.
Farkon Broadband (100 Kbps-10 Mbps)
- **ISDN tashoshi biyu** - 128 Kbps. 1 MB = sakan 66. Na farko 'aiki koyaushe'.
- **Farkon DSL** - 256-768 Kbps. 1 MB = sakan 10-30. Bincike na asali yana da kyau.
- **Cable na 1 Mbps** - 1 Mbps. 1 MB = sakan 8. Yawo ya zama mai yiwuwa.
- **3G Mobile** - 384 Kbps-2 Mbps. Bambanta. Bayanai na wayar hannu na farko.
- **DSL 6-8 Mbps** - Broadband na tsakiya. Yawo na Netflix ya fara (2007).
Broadband na Zamani (10-1000 Mbps)
- **4G LTE** - 10-50 Mbps yawanci. Intanet na wayar hannu ya zama na farko ga mutane da yawa.
- **Intanet na 100 Mbps** - Haɗin gida na yau da kullun. 1 GB = sakan 80. Yana iya yawo na 4K.
- **Gudun Ainihin WiFi 5** - 200-400 Mbps. Yawo na HD mara waya a duk gidan.
- **Cable na 500 Mbps** - Kunshin zamani na tsakiya. Ya dace da iyali na 4-6.
- **Fiber na Gigabit** - 1000 Mbps. 1 GB = sakan 8. 'Fiye da isa' ga yawancin mutane.
Mai Amfani da Gudun Gudu (1-100 Gbps)
- **5G yawanci** - 100-400 Mbps. Ya fi yawancin haɗin gida sauri.
- **5G mmWave** - 1-3 Gbps. Iyakantaccen iyaka. Komai yana toshe shi.
- **Fiber na gida na 10 Gbps** - Akwai a wasu birane. $100-300/wata. Wa ke buƙatar sa?
- **Gudun Ainihin WiFi 6** - 600-900 Mbps. Mara waya a ƙarshe ya 'isa'.
- **Gudun Ainihin WiFi 7** - 2-5 Gbps. WiFi na farko da ya fi yawancin intanet na gida sauri.
- **Thunderbolt 5** - 120 Gbps. Kwafa 100 GB a cikin sakan 7. Kebul ya fi na'urar sauri!
Kasuwanci & Cibiyar Bayanai (10-1000 Gbps)
- **10G Ethernet** - 10 Gbps. Tushen ofis. Haɗin sabar.
- **40G Ethernet** - 40 Gbps. Sauye-sauyen rakunan cibiyar bayanai.
- **100G Ethernet** - 100 Gbps. Tushen cibiyar bayanai. 1 TB a cikin sakan 80.
- **400G Ethernet** - 400 Gbps. Ma'auni na cibiyar bayanai na yanzu. 50 GB/sakan.
- **800G Ethernet** - 800 Gbps. Na zamani. Tashar jiragen ruwa ɗaya = karfin ISP na unguwa gaba ɗaya.
Bincike & Makomar (1+ Tbps)
- **Ethernet na Terabit** - 1-1.6 Tbps. Cibiyoyin sadarwa na bincike. Gudun haske ya zama iyaka.
- **Kebul na Karkashin Ruwa** - 10-20 Tbps jimlar karfin. Dukan tushen intanet.
- **Binciken Gilashin Gani** - 100+ Tbps an cimma su a gwaji a dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Ilimin kimiyya, ba injiniyanci ba, yanzu shine matsalar.
Tashar cibiyar bayanai ta zamani ta 400G tana canja wurin bayanai da yawa a cikin sakan 1 fiye da yadda modem na 56K zai iya a cikin shekaru 2.5 na aiki ba tsayawa. Mun sami gudun sau miliyan 10 a cikin shekaru 25.
Canja wurin Bayanai a Aiki: Misalan Amfani na Ainihi
Yawo na Bidiyo & Isar da Abun ciki
Yawo ya kawo sauyi a nishaɗi, amma inganci yana buƙatar gudun sadarwa. Fahimtar buƙatun yana hana katsewa da wuce gona da iri.
- **SD (480p)** - 3 Mbps. Ingancin DVD. Yana kama da mara kyau a talabijin na zamani.
- **HD (720p)** - 5 Mbps. Ana iya karɓa a kan ƙananan fuska.
- **Full HD (1080p)** - 8-10 Mbps. Ma'auni ga yawancin abun ciki.
- **4K (2160p)** - 25 Mbps. Sau 4 fiye da bayanan HD. Yana buƙatar gudun daidai.
- **4K HDR** - 35-50 Mbps. Yawo na musamman (Disney+, Apple TV+).
- **8K** - 80-100 Mbps. Da wuya. Mutane kaɗan ne ke da talabijin ko abun ciki na 8K.
Rafukan da yawa suna taruwa! 4K a falo (25 Mbps) + 1080p a ɗakin kwana (10 Mbps) + 720p a waya (5 Mbps) = 40 Mbps aƙalla. Ana ba da shawarar intanet na 100 Mbps ga iyali mai mutum 4.
Wasan Kan Layi & Wasan Giza-giza
Wasan yana buƙatar ƙarancin jinkiri fiye da babban gudun sadarwa. Wasan giza-giza yana canza lissafin sosai.
- **Wasan Kan Layi na Gargajiya** - 3-10 Mbps ya isa. Jinkiri ya fi muhimmanci!
- **Saukewar Wasanni** - Steam, PlayStation, Xbox. Wasannin 50-150 GB sun zama ruwan dare. 100 Mbps = awa 1 a kowace 50 GB.
- **Wasan Giza-giza (Stadia, GeForce Now)** - 10-35 Mbps a kowace rafi. Jinkirin < 40ms yana da mahimmanci.
- **Wasan VR** - Babban gudun sadarwa + jinkiri mai mahimmanci. VR mara waya yana buƙatar WiFi 6.
Ping ya fi gudun muhimmanci! 5 Mbps tare da ping na 20ms ya doke 100 Mbps tare da ping na 80ms don wasan gasa.
Aiki daga Nesa & Haɗin Gwiwa
Kiran bidiyo da damar shiga giza-giza sun zama muhimmai bayan 2020. Gudun loda sama a ƙarshe ya zama muhimmi!
- **Bidiyo na Zoom/Teams** - 2-4 Mbps ƙasa, 2-3 Mbps sama a kowace rafi.
- **Taron Bidiyo na HD** - 5-10 Mbps ƙasa, 3-5 Mbps sama.
- **Raba Fuska** - Yana ƙara 1-2 Mbps sama.
- **Damar Fayil na Giza-giza** - Ya dogara da fayiloli. 10-50 Mbps yawanci.
- **Ƙarin Aiki na VPN** - Yana ƙara 10-20% jinkiri da ƙarin aiki.
Intanet na cable sau da yawa yana da gudun loda sama sau 10 fiye da haka! 300 Mbps ƙasa / 20 Mbps sama = kiran bidiyo ɗaya ya cika lodawa. Gudun daidai na fiber yana da mahimmanci don aiki daga gida.
Abubuwan More Rayuwa na Cibiyar Bayanai & Giza-giza
A bayan kowace manhaja da shafin yanar gizo, sabar suna motsa bayanai a sikelin da ke da wahalar fahimta. Gudu daidai yake da kuɗi.
- **Sabar Yanar Gizo** - 1-10 Gbps a kowace sabar. Yana kula da dubban masu amfani a lokaci guda.
- **Sabar Bayanai** - 10-40 Gbps. Matsalar ita ce I/O na adanawa, ba cibiyar sadarwa ba.
- **CDN Edge Node** - 100 Gbps+. Yana ba da bidiyo ga dukan yankin.
- **Tushen Cibiyar Bayanai** - 400G-800G. Yana haɗa ɗaruruwan rakuna.
- **Tushen Giza-giza** - Terabits. Cibiyoyin sadarwa na sirri na AWS, Google, Azure sun wuce intanet na jama'a.
A babban sikelin, 1 Gbps = $50-500/wata dangane da yankin. Tashar 400G = $20,000-100,000/wata a wasu masu samarwa. Gudu yana da tsada!
Cibiyoyin Sadarwa na Waya (4G/5G)
Gudun mara waya yanzu yana fafatawa da broadband na gida. Amma hasumiyar salula tana raba gudun sadarwa tsakanin duk masu amfani da ke kusa.
- **4G LTE** - 20-50 Mbps yawanci. 100+ Mbps a cikin yanayi mafi kyau. Yana raguwa a lokacin cunkoso.
- **5G Sub-6GHz** - 100-400 Mbps yawanci. Ya fi yawancin haɗin gida kyau. Faɗaɗɗen rufewa.
- **5G mmWave** - 1-3 Gbps a cikin yanayi mafi kyau da wuya. Bango, bishiyoyi, ruwan sama, da hannaye suna toshe shi. Matsakaicin nisa 100m.
- **Karfin Hasumiya** - An raba! Masu amfani 1000 a hasumiya = 1/1000 na karfin kowannensu a lokacin cunkoso.
Gudun mara waya ya bambanta sosai da wuri, lokacin rana, da masu amfani da ke kusa. Hasumiya mai nisan 200m = sau 10 fiye da hasumiya mai nisan 20m.
Mahimman Matakai a Tarihin Canja wurin Bayanai
Shawarwari na Kwararru
- **Raba da 8**: Mbps / 8 = MB/s. 100 Mbps = 12.5 MB/s na saukewa.
- **Yi tsammanin 50-70%**: WiFi, 5G = 50-70% na wanda aka ƙididdige. Ethernet = 94%.
- **Wanda aka yi da waya ya fi**: WiFi 6 = 600 Mbps. Ethernet = 940 Mbps. Yi amfani da kebul!
- **Duba loda sama**: ISP suna ɓoye shi. Sau da yawa sau 10-40 fiye da saukewa.
- **Daidaita amfani**: 4K = 25 Mbps. Kada ka biya fiye da kima don 1 Gbps ba tare da buƙata ba.
- **Rubutun kimiyya ta atomatik**: An nuna ƙimar ≥ 1 biliyan bit/s (1 Gbit/s+) ko < 0.000001 bit/s ta atomatik a cikin rubutun kimiyya (misali, 1.0e+9) don sauƙin karantawa!
Units Reference
Bits a sakan daya
| Unit | Symbol | Speed (bit/s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bit a sakan daya | bit/s | 1 bit/s (base) | Commonly used |
| kilobit a sakan daya | Kbit/s | 1.00 Kbit/s | Commonly used |
| megabit a sakan daya | Mbit/s | 1.00 Mbit/s | Commonly used |
| gigabit a sakan daya | Gbit/s | 1.00 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| terabit a sakan daya | Tbit/s | 1.00 Tbit/s | Commonly used |
| petabit a sakan daya | Pbit/s | 1.00 Pbit/s | — |
| kibibit a sakan daya | Kibit/s | 1.02 Kbit/s | — |
| mebibit a sakan daya | Mibit/s | 1.05 Mbit/s | — |
| gibibit a sakan daya | Gibit/s | 1.07 Gbit/s | — |
| tebibit a sakan daya | Tibit/s | 1.10 Tbit/s | — |
Bytes a sakan daya
| Unit | Symbol | Speed (bit/s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| byte a sakan daya | B/s | 8 bit/s | Commonly used |
| kilobyte a sakan daya | KB/s | 8.00 Kbit/s | Commonly used |
| megabyte a sakan daya | MB/s | 8.00 Mbit/s | Commonly used |
| gigabyte a sakan daya | GB/s | 8.00 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| terabyte a sakan daya | TB/s | 8.00 Tbit/s | — |
| kibibyte a sakan daya | KiB/s | 8.19 Kbit/s | Commonly used |
| mebibyte a sakan daya | MiB/s | 8.39 Mbit/s | Commonly used |
| gibibyte a sakan daya | GiB/s | 8.59 Gbit/s | — |
| tebibyte a sakan daya | TiB/s | 8.80 Tbit/s | — |
Matsayin Cibiyar sadarwa
| Unit | Symbol | Speed (bit/s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| modem 56K | 56K | 56.00 Kbit/s | Commonly used |
| ISDN (128 Kbit/s) | ISDN | 128.00 Kbit/s | — |
| ADSL (8 Mbit/s) | ADSL | 8.00 Mbit/s | Commonly used |
| Ethernet (10 Mbit/s) | Ethernet | 10.00 Mbit/s | Commonly used |
| Fast Ethernet (100 Mbit/s) | Fast Ethernet | 100.00 Mbit/s | Commonly used |
| Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbit/s) | GbE | 1.00 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| 10 Gigabit Ethernet | 10GbE | 10.00 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| 40 Gigabit Ethernet | 40GbE | 40.00 Gbit/s | — |
| 100 Gigabit Ethernet | 100GbE | 100.00 Gbit/s | — |
| OC1 (51.84 Mbit/s) | OC1 | 51.84 Mbit/s | — |
| OC3 (155.52 Mbit/s) | OC3 | 155.52 Mbit/s | — |
| OC12 (622.08 Mbit/s) | OC12 | 622.08 Mbit/s | — |
| OC48 (2488.32 Mbit/s) | OC48 | 2.49 Gbit/s | — |
| USB 2.0 (480 Mbit/s) | USB 2.0 | 480.00 Mbit/s | Commonly used |
| USB 3.0 (5 Gbit/s) | USB 3.0 | 5.00 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| USB 3.1 (10 Gbit/s) | USB 3.1 | 10.00 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| USB 4 (40 Gbit/s) | USB 4 | 40.00 Gbit/s | — |
| Thunderbolt 3 (40 Gbit/s) | TB3 | 40.00 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| Thunderbolt 4 (40 Gbit/s) | TB4 | 40.00 Gbit/s | — |
| Wi-Fi 802.11g (54 Mbit/s) | 802.11g | 54.00 Mbit/s | — |
| Wi-Fi 802.11n (600 Mbit/s) | 802.11n | 600.00 Mbit/s | Commonly used |
| Wi-Fi 802.11ac (1300 Mbit/s) | 802.11ac | 1.30 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| Wi-Fi 6 (9.6 Gbit/s) | Wi-Fi 6 | 9.60 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| Wi-Fi 6E (9.6 Gbit/s) | Wi-Fi 6E | 9.60 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| Wi-Fi 7 (46 Gbit/s) | Wi-Fi 7 | 46.00 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| 3G Mobile (42 Mbit/s) | 3G | 42.00 Mbit/s | Commonly used |
| 4G LTE (300 Mbit/s) | 4G | 300.00 Mbit/s | Commonly used |
| 4G LTE-Advanced (1 Gbit/s) | 4G+ | 1.00 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| 5G (10 Gbit/s) | 5G | 10.00 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| 5G-Advanced (20 Gbit/s) | 5G+ | 20.00 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| 6G (1 Tbit/s) | 6G | 1.00 Tbit/s | Commonly used |
| Thunderbolt 5 (120 Gbit/s) | TB5 | 120.00 Gbit/s | Commonly used |
| 25 Gigabit Ethernet | 25GbE | 25.00 Gbit/s | — |
| 200 Gigabit Ethernet | 200GbE | 200.00 Gbit/s | — |
| 400 Gigabit Ethernet | 400GbE | 400.00 Gbit/s | — |
| PCIe 3.0 x16 (128 Gbit/s) | PCIe 3.0 | 128.00 Gbit/s | — |
| PCIe 4.0 x16 (256 Gbit/s) | PCIe 4.0 | 256.00 Gbit/s | — |
| PCIe 5.0 x16 (512 Gbit/s) | PCIe 5.0 | 512.00 Gbit/s | — |
| InfiniBand (200 Gbit/s) | IB | 200.00 Gbit/s | — |
| Fibre Channel 32G | FC 32G | 32.00 Gbit/s | — |
Matsayin Gado
| Unit | Symbol | Speed (bit/s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| modem 14.4K | 14.4K | 14.40 Kbit/s | — |
| modem 28.8K | 28.8K | 28.80 Kbit/s | — |
| modem 33.6K | 33.6K | 33.60 Kbit/s | — |
| T1 (1.544 Mbit/s) | T1 | 1.54 Mbit/s | — |
| T3 (44.736 Mbit/s) | T3 | 44.74 Mbit/s | — |
FAQ
Dalilin da yasa 100 Mbps ke saukewa a 12 MB/s?
Daidai! 100 Mbps / 8 = 12.5 MB/s. ISP suna amfani da bits, saukewa suna amfani da bytes. Kuna samun abin da kuka biya!
WiFi 6 ko 5G ya fi sauri?
A zahiri: WiFi 6 = 600-900 Mbps. 5G = 100-400 Mbps yawanci. WiFi ya yi nasara a gida!
Nawa gudu ake bukata?
4K: 25 Mbps. Iyali na 4: 100 Mbps. Na'urori 8+: 300 Mbps. Masu amfani da yawa: 1 Gbps.
Dalilin da yasa WiFi ya fi sannu a hankali fiye da wanda aka yi da waya?
Mara waya = 50-70% na wanda aka ƙididdige. Wanda aka yi da waya = 94%. Ƙarin aiki, tsangwama, da nisa suna cutar da WiFi.
Loda sama da saukewa?
Saukewa: karɓa. Loda sama: aikawa. ISP suna tallata saukewa, loda sama ya fi sannu a hankali sau 10-40!
Cikakken Jagoran Kayan Aiki
Dukan kayan aiki 71 da ke akwai a kan UNITS