Mai Canza Permeability
Mai Canza Zubewa
Canza tsakanin nau'ikan raka'o'in zubewa guda 4 daban-daban tare da daidaiton kimiyya. Zubewar maganadisu (H/m), ruwa (darcy), iskar gas (barrer), da tururi (perm) suna auna kaddarorin zahiri mabambanta kuma ba za a iya canza su tsakanin nau'ikan ba.
Menene Zubewa?
Zubewa yana auna yadda abu ke wucewa cikin sauƙi ta cikin wani abu, amma wannan ma'anar mai sauƙi tana ɓoye wani muhimmin al'amari: akwai NAU'O'I HUƊU daban-daban na zubewa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da injiniyanci, kowannensu yana auna adadin zahiri daban-daban.
Nau'o'in Zubewa Guda Hudu
Zubewar Maganadisu (μ)
Yana auna yadda ruwan maganadisu ke wucewa cikin sauƙi ta cikin abu. Yana danganta yawan ruwan maganadisu (B) da ƙarfin filin maganadisu (H).
Raka'o'i: H/m, μH/m, nH/m, zubewa mai dangantaka (μᵣ)
Dabara: B = μ × H
Aikace-aikace: Maganadisu na lantarki, tiransifoma, garkuwar maganadisu, madaukai, injunan MRI
Misalai: Wuri ba komai (μᵣ = 1), ƙarfe (μᵣ = 5,000), Permalloy (μᵣ = 100,000)
Zubewar Ruwa (k)
Yana auna yadda ruwaye (mai, ruwa, iskar gas) ke kwarara cikin sauƙi ta cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu ramuka kamar dutse ko ƙasa. Yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga aikin injiniyan man fetur.
Raka'o'i: darcy (D), millidarcy (mD), nanodarcy (nD), m²
Dabara: Q = (k × A × ΔP) / (μ × L)
Aikace-aikace: Rijiyoyin mai/gas, kwararar ruwan ƙasa, magudanar ƙasa, halayen dutse
Misalai: Shale (1-100 nD), Dutsen yashi (10-1000 mD), Tsakuwa (>10 D)
Zubewar Iskar Gas (P)
Yana auna yadda wasu iskar gas ke watsawa da sauri ta cikin robobi, fatu, ko kayan marufi. Ana amfani da shi a cikin marufi da kimiyyar fata.
Raka'o'i: barrer, GPU (gas permeation unit), mol·m/(s·m²·Pa)
Dabara: P = (N × L) / (A × Δp × t)
Aikace-aikace: Marufin abinci, fatun raba iskar gas, rigunan kariya, rigunan sararin samaniya
Misalai: HDPE (0.5 barrer ga O₂), Robar silikon (600 barrer ga O₂)
Zubewar Tururin Ruwa
Yana auna saurin watsawar danshi ta cikin kayan gini, yadudduka, ko marufi. Yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga sarrafa danshi da kimiyyar gini.
Raka'o'i: perm, perm-inch, g/(Pa·s·m²)
Dabara: WVTR = Zubewa × bambancin matsa lamba na tururi
Aikace-aikace: Katangar tururi a gini, yadudduka masu shigar da iska, sarrafa danshi, marufi
Misalai: Polyethylene (0.06 perm), Plywood (0.7 perm), bangon da ba a fente ba (20-50 perm)
Gaskiya Mai Sauri
Ba za a iya Canzawa Tsakanin Nau'ikan ba
Zubewar maganadisu (H/m) ≠ Zubewar ruwa (darcy) ≠ Zubewar iskar gas (barrer) ≠ Zubewar tururi (perm). Waɗannan suna auna ilimin kimiyyar lissafi daban-daban!
Tsananin Fadi
Zubewar ruwa ya kai girman umarni 21: daga shale mai matsewa (10⁻⁹ darcy) zuwa tsakuwa (10¹² darcy)
Rudani a Sunan Raka'a
Ana amfani da kalmar 'zubewa' ga dukkan nau'ikan huɗu, amma sun bambanta sosai. Koyaushe fayyace wane nau'i ne!
Musamman ga Kayan Aiki
Zubewar iskar gas ya dogara ne da Kayan Aiki DA Nau'in Iskar Gas. Zubewar iskar oxygen ≠ zubewar iskar nitrogen ga abu ɗaya!
Zubewar Maganadisu (μ)
Zubewar maganadisu yana bayyana yadda wani abu ke amsawa ga filin maganadisu. Shi ne rabon yawan ruwan maganadisu (B) zuwa ƙarfin filin maganadisu (H).
Dabara: B = μ × H = μ₀ × μᵣ × H
B = yawan ruwan maganadisu (T), H = ƙarfin filin maganadisu (A/m), μ = zubewa (H/m), μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m (sarari mara komai), μᵣ = zubewa mai dangantaka (ba shi da girma)
Rukunin Kayan Aiki
| Nau'i | Zubewa Mai Dangantaka | Misalai |
|---|---|---|
| Diamagnetic | μᵣ < 1 | Bismuth (0.999834), Copper (0.999994), Ruwa (0.999991) |
| Paramagnetic | 1 < μᵣ < 1.01 | Aluminium (1.000022), Platinum (1.000265), Iska (1.0000004) |
| Ferromagnetic | μᵣ >> 1 | Karfe (5,000), Nickel (600), Permalloy (100,000) |
Zubewar Ruwa (Darcy)
Zubewar ruwa yana auna yadda ruwaye ke kwarara cikin sauƙi ta cikin dutse mai ramuka ko ƙasa. Darcy shine ma'aunin da aka fi amfani da shi a aikin injiniyan man fetur.
Dabara: Q = (k × A × ΔP) / (μ × L)
Q = yawan kwarara (m³/s), k = zubewa (m²), A = fadin wuri (m²), ΔP = bambancin matsa lamba (Pa), μ = dankon ruwa (Pa·s), L = tsayi (m)
Menene Darcy?
Darcy 1 shine zubewar da ke ba da damar 1 cm³/s na ruwa (dankon 1 centipoise) ya kwarara ta fadin wuri na 1 cm² a ƙarƙashin bambancin matsa lamba na 1 atm/cm.
Daidai SI: 1 darcy = 9.869233 × 10⁻¹³ m²
Kewayon shiga a injiniyan man fetur
| Rukuni | Shiga | Bayani | Misalai: |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mai Matukar Matsi (Shale) | 1-100 nanodarcy (nD) | Yana buƙatar fashewa da ruwa don samar da tattalin arziki | Bakken shale, Marcellus shale, Eagle Ford shale |
| Gas/Mai Mai Matsi | 0.001-1 millidarcy (mD) | Mai wahalar samarwa, yana buƙatar ƙarfafawa | Duwatsun yashi masu matsi, wasu duwatsun lemun tsami |
| Rijiyar Gargajiya | 1-1000 millidarcy | Kyakkyawan samar da mai/gas | Yawancin rijiyoyin duwatsun yashi da na lemun tsami |
| Rijiya Mai Kyau | 1-10 darcy | Kyakkyawan samarwa | Duwatsun yashi masu inganci, duwatsun lemun tsami masu tsagewa |
| Mai Matukar Zubewa | > 10 darcy | Yawan kwarara mai yawa | Tsakuwa, yashi mai yawa, dutse mai tsagewa sosai |
Zubewar Iskar Gas (Barrer)
Zubewar iskar gas yana auna yadda wasu iskar gas ke watsawa da sauri ta cikin robobi da fatu. Barrer shine ma'aunin da aka saba amfani da shi, wanda aka sanya wa sunan masanin kimiyyar lissafi Richard Barrer.
Dabara: P = (N × L) / (A × Δp × t)
P = zubewa (barrer), N = adadin iskar gas da aka watsa (cm³ a STP), L = kaurin abu (cm), A = fadin wuri (cm²), Δp = bambancin matsa lamba (cmHg), t = lokaci (s)
Menene Barrer?
Barrer 1 = 10⁻¹⁰ cm³(STP)·cm/(s·cm²·cmHg). Wannan yana auna girman iskar gas (a ma'aunin zafi da matsa lamba na yau da kullun) da ke ratsa kaurin abu daya a fadin wuri daya a cikin lokaci daya a karkashin bambancin matsa lamba daya.
Raka'o'in madadin: 1 barrer = 3.348 × 10⁻¹⁶ mol·m/(s·m²·Pa)
Misali: Robar silikon: H₂ (550 barrer), O₂ (600 barrer), N₂ (280 barrer), CO₂ (3200 barrer)
Amfani
| Fanni | Amfani | Misalai |
|---|---|---|
| Marufin Abinci | Karancin zubewar O₂ yana kiyaye sabo | EVOH (0.05 barrer), PET (0.05-0.2 barrer) |
| Raba Iskar Gas | Yawan zubewa yana raba iskar gas (O₂/N₂, CO₂/CH₄) | Robar silikon, polyimides |
| Marufin Magani | Fata mai katanga tana karewa daga danshi/oxygen | Marufin kumfa, kwalaben magani |
| Layin Taya | Karancin zubewar iska yana kiyaye matsa lamba | Robar Halobutyl (30-40 barrer) |
Zubewar Tururin Ruwa (Perm)
Zubewar tururin ruwa yana auna watsawar danshi ta cikin kayayyaki. Yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga kimiyyar gini, hana ƙura, danshi, da lalacewar tsari.
Dabara: WVTR = Zubewa × (p₁ - p₂)
WVTR = saurin watsawar tururin ruwa, Zubewa = zubewa/kauri, p₁, p₂ = matsa lamba na tururi a kowane gefe
Menene Perm?
US Perm: 1 perm (US) = 1 grain/(h·ft²·inHg) = 5.72135 × 10⁻¹¹ kg/(Pa·s·m²)
Metric Perm: 1 perm (metric) = 1 g/(Pa·s·m²) = 57.45 perm-inch (US)
Lura: Perm-inch ya haɗa da kauri; perm shine zubewa (an riga an raba shi da kauri)
Rarrabuwar kayan gini
| Rukuni | Bayani | Misalai: |
|---|---|---|
| Katangar Tururi (< 0.1 perm) | Suna toshe kusan dukkan watsawar danshi | Farantin Polyethylene (0.06 perm), takardar aluminium (0.0 perm), fuskar bangon waya na vinyl (0.05 perm) |
| Masu Rage Tururi (0.1-1 perm) | Suna rage danshi sosai, amma ba cikakken katanga ba ne | Fentin mai (0.3 perm), takardar kraft (0.4 perm), plywood (0.7 perm) |
| Mai Dan Zubewa (1-10 perm) | Suna ba da damar wasu watsawar danshi | Fentin latex (1-5 perm), allon OSB (2 perm), takardar gini (5 perm) |
| Mai Zubewa (> 10 perm) | Suna ba da damar watsawar danshi cikin yardar kaina | Bangon da ba a fente ba (20-50 perm), rufin fiberglass (>100 perm), kunshin gida (>50 perm) |
Yanayi mai sanyi: A cikin yanayi mai sanyi, ana sanya katangar tururi a gefe mai dumi (ciki) don hana danshin cikin gida taruwa a cikin ramukan bango masu sanyi.
Yanayi mai zafi mai danshi: A cikin yanayi mai zafi da danshi, ya kamata a sanya katangar tururi a waje KO a yi amfani da bango mai zubewa don ba da damar bushewa ta bangarorin biyu.
Teburin Canji Mai Sauri
Zubewar Maganadisu
| Daga | Zuwa |
|---|---|
| 1 H/m | 1,000,000 μH/m |
| 1 H/m | 795,774.7 μᵣ |
| μ₀ (wuri ba komai) | 1.257 × 10⁻⁶ H/m |
| μ₀ (wuri ba komai) | 1.257 μH/m |
| μᵣ = 1000 (karfe) | 0.001257 H/m |
Zubewar Ruwa (Darcy)
| Daga | Zuwa |
|---|---|
| 1 darcy | 1,000 millidarcy (mD) |
| 1 darcy | 9.869 × 10⁻¹³ m² |
| 1 millidarcy | 10⁻⁶ darcy |
| 1 nanodarcy | 10⁻⁹ darcy |
| 1 m² | 1.013 × 10¹² darcy |
Zubewar Iskar Gas
| Daga | Zuwa |
|---|---|
| 1 barrer | 10,000 GPU |
| 1 barrer | 3.348 × 10⁻¹⁶ mol·m/(s·m²·Pa) |
| 1 GPU | 10⁻⁴ barrer |
| 100 barrer | Kyakkyawan katanga |
| > 1000 barrer | Katanga mara kyau (yawan zubewa) |
Zubewar Tururin Ruwa
| Daga | Zuwa |
|---|---|
| 1 perm (US) | 5.72 × 10⁻¹¹ kg/(Pa·s·m²) |
| 1 perm-inch | 1.459 × 10⁻¹² kg·m/(Pa·s·m²) |
| 1 perm (metric) | 57.45 perm-inch (US) |
| < 0.1 perm | Katangar tururi |
| > 10 perm | Mai zubar da tururi |
Tambayoyi da Amsoshi
Zan iya canza darcy zuwa barrer ko perm?
A'a! Waɗannan suna auna kaddarorin zahiri daban-daban. Zubewar ruwa (darcy), zubewar iskar gas (barrer), zubewar tururi (perm), da zubewar maganadisu (H/m) adadi ne guda huɗu daban-daban waɗanda ba za a iya canza su tsakanin juna ba. Yi amfani da matattarar rukuni a cikin mai canzawa.
Me yasa zubewar iskar gas ya dogara da wane irin iskar gas ne?
Iskar gas daban-daban suna da girman ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban da hulɗa da kayayyaki. H₂ da He suna ratsawa da sauri fiye da O₂ ko N₂. Koyaushe fayyace iskar gas: 'zubewar O₂ = 0.5 barrer' ba kawai 'zubewa = 0.5 barrer' ba.
Menene bambanci tsakanin perm da perm-inch?
Perm-inch shine zubewa (halayen abu mai zaman kansa daga kauri). Perm shine zubewa (ya dogara da kauri). Dangantaka: zubewa = zubewa/kauri. Yi amfani da perm-inch don kwatanta kayayyaki.
Ta yaya injiniyoyin man fetur ke amfani da darcy?
Zubewar rijiyar yana ƙayyade yawan kwararar mai/gas. Rijiyar 100 mD na iya samar da ganga 500 a rana; rijiyar gas mai matsi na 1 mD tana buƙatar fashewa da ruwa. Duwatsun shale (1-100 nD) suna da matukar matsi.
Me yasa zubewa mai dangantaka (μᵣ) ba shi da girma?
Rabo ne da ke kwatanta zubewar wani abu da zubewar wuri ba komai (μ₀). Don samun ainihin zubewa a H/m: μ = μ₀ × μᵣ = 1.257×10⁻⁶ × μᵣ H/m. Ga ƙarfe (μᵣ = 5000), μ = 0.00628 H/m.
Shin yawan zubewa koyaushe yana da kyau?
Ya dogara da amfani! Yawan darcy yana da kyau ga rijiyoyin mai amma mara kyau ga tsarewa. Yawan barrer yana da kyau ga yadudduka masu shigar da iska amma mara kyau ga marufin abinci. Yi la'akari da burin injiniyan ku: katanga (ƙasa) ko kwarara (sama).
Menene ke ƙayyade sanya katangar tururi a gini?
Yanayi! Yanayi mai sanyi yana buƙatar katangar tururi a gefe mai dumi (ciki) don hana danshin cikin gida taruwa a cikin bango masu sanyi. Yanayi mai zafi da danshi yana buƙatar katanga a waje KO bango mai zubewa don ba da damar bushewa ta bangarorin biyu. Rashin sanyawa daidai yana haifar da ƙura da ruɓewa.
Waɗanne kayayyaki ne ke da mafi girma/ƙarancin zubewa?
Maganadisu: Supermalloy (μᵣ~1M) vs. wuri ba komai (μᵣ=1). Ruwa: Tsakuwa (>10 D) vs. shale (1 nD). Iskar gas: Silikon (3000+ barrer ga CO₂) vs. fatun ƙarfe (0.001 barrer). Tururi: Fiberglass (>100 perm) vs. takardar aluminium (0 perm).
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