Rukunin ruwa suna haifar da matsi daidai da zurfi da yawa.

• p = ρ g h
• Ruwa: ~9.81 kPa a kowace mita
• 1 bar ≈ 10 m na ruwa

Yanayi yana amfani da hPa (daidai da mbar). Daidaitaccen matakin teku shine 1013.25 hPa.

• 1 atm = 101.325 kPa
• Ƙananan matsi → guguwa
• Babban matsi → yanayi mai kyau

Matsin ma'auni (mai ƙarewa da 'g') yana auna dangane da yanayin da ke kewaye. Matsi cikakken (mai ƙarewa da 'a') yana auna dangane da iska.

• Cikakken = Ma'auni + Yanayi
• A matakin teku: ƙara ~101.325 kPa (14.7 psi)
• Tsawo yana canza tushen yanayi

Cikakken = Ma'auni + Yanayi

A matakin teku: ƙara 101.325 kPa ko 14.696 psi

• Daidaita tushe don tsawo
• Koyaushe rubuta wane sikelin

Kan ruwa zuwa matsi

• 1 mH₂O ≈ 9.80665 kPa
• 10 mH₂O ≈ ~1 bar

Saitunan Altimeter

• 1013 hPa = 29.92 inHg
• 1 inHg ≈ 33.8639 hPa

Sanin tushenka

• QNH: Matsin matakin teku (yana saita altimeter zuwa tsayin filin)
• QFE: Matsin filin (altimeter yana karanta 0 a filin)
• QNE: Daidaitaccen 1013.25 hPa / 29.92 inHg (matakan jirgin sama)

Ka'idojin gabaɗaya

• ±1 inHg ≈ ∓1,000 ft da aka nuna
• ±1 hPa ≈ ∓27 ft da aka nuna
• Iska mai sanyi/zafi: kurakuran yawa suna shafar ainihin tsawo

Yana auna yadda iskar gas ke watsa zafi

• Range: ~10⁵ → 10⁻¹ Pa (kusan)
• Ya dogara da iskar gas; daidaita don nau'in iskar gas
• Mai kyau don iska mai kauri zuwa ƙasa

Gudun wutar lantarki vs matsi

• Range: ~10⁻² → 10⁻⁹ Pa
• Mai saurin kamuwa da gurɓatawa da nau'ikan iskar gas
• Yi amfani da keɓewa don kariya a babban matsi

Cikakken karkacewar diaphragm

• Daidaito mai girma; mai zaman kansa daga iskar gas
• Ranges sun haɗa da ~10⁻¹ → 10⁵ Pa
• Mai kyau don sarrafa tsari

Altimeter suna amfani da inHg ko hPa da aka saita zuwa QNH na gida; matsi yana shafar tsayin da aka nuna.

• 29.92 inHg = 1013 hPa daidaitacce
• Babban/ƙananan matsi yana canza tsayin da aka nuna

Hawan jini yana amfani da mmHg; na'urorin numfashi da CPAP suna amfani da cmH₂O.

• Hawan jini na yau da kullun 120/80 mmHg
• 5–20 cmH₂O don CPAP

Kayan aiki na tsari da na'urorin lantarki galibi suna amfani da bar, MPa, ko psi.

• Layin lantarki: daga goma zuwa ɗaruruwan bar
• Tankunan matsi da aka kimanta a bar/psi

Taswirar yanayi suna nuna matsin matakin teku a hPa ko mbar.

• Ƙananan matsi masu ƙarfi < 990 hPa
• Manyan matsi masu ƙarfi > 1030 hPa

Fasahar iska tana amfani da torr ko Pa a cikin iska mai kauri, babba, da babba-babba.

• Iska mai kauri: ~10³–10⁵ Pa
• UHV: < 10⁻⁶ Pa

1 hPa = 1 mbar daidai — abu ɗaya ne! Nazarin yanayi ya canza daga mbar zuwa hPa don daidaita SI, amma suna daidai a lamba.

Ma'aunin mercury ya kasance ma'auni na zinare sama da shekaru 300. Duk da cewa an daina amfani da su saboda guba, har yanzu ana auna hawan jini a mmHg a duk duniya!

Matsin yanayi yana raguwa da rabi kusan kowane 5.5 km (18,000 ft) na tsawo. A saman Dutsen Everest (8.8 km), matsin yana da kashi 1/3 na matakin teku!

A cikin Mariana Trench (11 km zurfi), matsin yana kaiwa 1,100 bar — wanda ya isa ya murƙushe mutum nan take. Wannan kamar samun 1,100 kg a kan kowane santimita murabba'i!

Sararin samaniya yana da matsi na ~10⁻¹⁷ Pa — wato sau 100 miliyan tiriliyan ƙasa da yanayin Duniya. Jininka zai tafasa a zahiri (a zafin jiki)!

Taya mota a 32 psi a zahiri tana fuskantar matsi cikakken 46.7 psi (32 + 14.7 na yanayi). Muna auna matsin ma'auni saboda shine matsi 'ƙarin' da ke yin aikin!

An ba da sunan pascal (Pa) ga Blaise Pascal, wanda ya tabbatar da wanzuwar matsin yanayi ta hanyar ɗaukar barometer zuwa dutse a 1648. Yana da shekaru 25 kawai!

A 1 bar (15 psi) sama da matsin yanayi, ruwa yana tafasa a 121°C maimakon 100°C. Wannan yana rage lokacin dafa abinci da kashi 70% — matsi yana hanzarta ilmin sinadarai a zahiri!

Haihuwar Barometer

Evangelista Torricelli ya ƙirƙiro barometer na mercury yayin da yake nazarin dalilin da yasa famfunan ruwa ba za su iya ɗaga ruwa sama da mita 10 ba. Ya ƙirƙiri iska ta farko ta wucin gadi kuma ya kafa mmHg a matsayin raka'ar matsi ta farko.

Ya tabbatar da cewa iska tana da nauyi da matsi, wanda ya canza fahimtarmu game da yanayi. An ba da sunan raka'ar torr (1/760 atm) don girmama shi.

Gwajin Dutsen Pascal

Blaise Pascal (mai shekaru 25) ya sa surukinsa ya ɗauki barometer zuwa dutsen Puy de Dôme, yana tabbatar da cewa matsin yanayi yana raguwa da tsawo. Mercury ya sauka daga 760mm zuwa 660mm a saman.

Ya kafa dangantaka tsakanin tsawo da matsi, wanda yake da muhimmanci ga zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da nazarin yanayi. Raka'ar pascal (Pa) tana girmama aikinsa.

Gano Dokar Boyle

Robert Boyle ya gano dangantaka ta baya-baya tsakanin matsi da girma (PV = dindindin) ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun famfunan iska da na'urar J-tube.

Tushen dokokin iskar gas da thermodynamics. Ya ba da damar nazarin kimiyya na dangantakar matsi da girma a cikin iskar gas da aka kulle.

Ƙirƙirar Tube na Bourdon

Eugène Bourdon ya sami haƙƙin mallakar ma'aunin tube na Bourdon—wata bututun ƙarfe mai lanƙwasa da ke miƙewa a ƙarƙashin matsi. Mai sauƙi, mai ƙarfi, kuma daidai.

Ya maye gurbin ma'aunin mercury masu rauni a aikace-aikacen masana'antu. Har yanzu shine ƙirar ma'aunin matsi na inji mafi yawa shekaru 175 daga baya.

Daidaita Bar

An ayyana bar a hukumance a matsayin 10⁶ dyne/cm² (daidai 100 kPa), wanda aka zaɓa don ya kasance kusa da matsin yanayi don sauƙi.

Ya zama daidaitaccen raka'ar injiniya a duk faɗin Turai. 1 bar ≈ 1 yanayi ya sauƙaƙa lissafin kai ga injiniyoyi.

Pascal a matsayin Raka'ar SI

An karɓi pascal (Pa = N/m²) a matsayin raka'ar SI ta hukuma don matsi, yana maye gurbin bar a cikin mahallin kimiyya.

Ya haɗa auna matsi da raka'ar ƙarfin Newton. Duk da haka, bar ya kasance mafi rinjaye a cikin aikin injiniya saboda sikelin sa mai sauƙi.

Canjin Nazarin Yanayi zuwa SI

Sabis na yanayi a duk duniya sun canza daga millibar (mbar) zuwa hectopascal (hPa). Tunda 1 mbar = 1 hPa daidai, duk bayanan tarihi sun kasance masu aiki.

Canji mai sauƙi zuwa raka'o'in SI. Yawancin taswirar yanayi yanzu suna nuna hPa, kodayake wasu zirga-zirgar jiragen sama har yanzu suna amfani da mbar ko inHg.

Juyin Halittar Matsi na MEMS

Tsarin micro-electromechanical (MEMS) ya ba da damar ƙananan, masu arha, daidaitattun na'urorin auna matsi. Ana samun su a cikin wayoyin hannu (barometer), motoci (matsin taya), da na'urorin da ake sawa.

Ya sauƙaƙa auna matsi. Wayarka ta hannu tana iya auna canjin tsawo na mita 1 kawai ta hanyar amfani da matsin yanayi.

Yi amfani da cikakken don thermodynamics/iska; ma'auni don kimanta kayan aiki na zahiri. Koyaushe yi wa raka'o'i lakabi da 'a' ko 'g' (misali, bara vs barg, kPaa vs kPag).

Sikelin altimetry na gado suna cikin inci na mercury; ƙasashe da yawa suna amfani da hPa (QNH).

1 torr daidai yake da 1/760 na daidaitaccen yanayi (≈133.322 Pa). An saba amfani da shi a fasahar iska.