Tsarin tushe 10. KB, MB, GB, TB ta amfani da karfin 1000. 1 KB = 1000 baiti, 1 MB = 1000 KB. Ana amfani da shi da masu kera rumbun ajiya, masu samar da intanet, da kasuwanci. Yana sa lambobi su yi girma!

• 1 KB = 1000 baiti (10^3)
• 1 MB = 1000 KB (10^6)
• 1 GB = 1000 MB (10^9)
• Masu kera rumbun ajiya suna amfani da wannan

Tsarin tushe 2. KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB ta amfani da karfin 1024. 1 KiB = 1024 baiti, 1 MiB = 1024 KiB. Ana amfani da shi da tsarin aiki, da RAM. Lissafin kwamfuta na gaske! Kimanin kashi 7% ya fi na goma-goma girma.

• 1 KiB = 1024 baiti (2^10)
• 1 MiB = 1024 KiB (2^20)
• 1 GiB = 1024 MiB (2^30)
• OS & RAM suna amfani da wannan

Bit 8 = baiti 1. Gudun intanet yana amfani da bit (Mbps, Gbps). Ma'aji yana amfani da baiti (MB, GB). Intanet na 100 Mbps = saurin saukewa na 12.5 MB/s. Karamin b = bit, Babban B = Baiti!

• Bit 8 = baiti 1
• Mbps = megabit/sakan (gudu)
• MB = megabaiti (ma'aji)
• Raba bit da 8 don samun baiti

Karfin 1000. Lissafi mai sauki! 1 KB = 1000 B, 1 MB = 1000 KB. Ma'auni don rumbun ajiya, SSD, da iyakokin bayanai na intanet. Yana sa karfin ya yi girma a kasuwanci.

• Tushe 10 (karfin 1000)
• KB, MB, GB, TB, PB
• Ana amfani da shi da masu kera
• Mai sauki don kasuwanci!

Karfin 1024. Na asalin kwamfuta! 1 KiB = 1024 B, 1 MiB = 1024 KiB. Ma'auni don tsarin fayil na OS, da RAM. Yana nuna ainihin karfin da za a iya amfani da shi. Kullum kusan kashi 7% ya fi girma a matakin GB.

• Tushe 2 (karfin 1024)
• KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB, PiB
• Ana amfani da shi da OS & RAM
• Lissafin kwamfuta na gaske

Kafofin adana bayanai: Floppy (1.44 MB), CD (700 MB), DVD (4.7 GB), Blu-ray (25 GB). Na musamman: nibble (4 bit), word (16 bit), block (512 B), page (4 KB).

• Karfin kafofin watsa labarai na tarihi
• Ma'aunin diski na gani
• Raka'o'in CS na kasa-kasa
• Raka'o'in ƙwaƙwalwa & diski

Ka sayi rumbun ajiya na 1 TB, Windows ya nuna 931 GiB. BA zamba ba ne! Mai kera: 1 TB = 1000^4 baiti. OS: yana kirga a 1024^4 baiti (GiB). Baiti iri daya, lakabi daban-daban! 1 TB = 931.32 GiB daidai.

• 1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 baiti
• 1 TiB = 1,099,511,627,776 baiti
• 1 TB = 0.909 TiB (91%)
• BA ya bace ba, lissafi ne kawai!

A matakin KB: bambancin 2.4%. A MB: 4.9%. A GB: 7.4%. A TB: 10%! Karfin da ya fi girma = bambanci mafi girma. Rumbun ajiya na 10 TB ya nuna 9.09 TiB. Kimiyyar lissafi ba ta canza ba, raka'o'i ne kawai!

• KB: bambancin 2.4%
• MB: bambancin 4.9%
• GB: bambancin 7.4%
• TB: bambancin 10%!

Intanet: 100 Mbps = 100 megaBIT/sakan. Saukewa yana nuna MB/s = megaBAITI/sakan. Raba da 8! 100 Mbps = 12.5 MB/s ainihin saurin saukewa. Kullum karamin b don bit!

• Mbps = megabit a sakan daya
• MB/s = megabaiti a sakan daya
• Raba Mbps da 8
• 100 Mbps = 12.5 MB/s

ISP suna tallata a Mbps (bit). Saukewa suna nuna MB/s (baiti). Intanet na 'gigabit' 1000 Mbps = 125 MB/s saurin saukewa. Sauke fayil, yawo duk suna amfani da baiti. Raba gudun da aka tallata da 8!

• ISP: Mbps (bit)
• Saukewa: MB/s (baiti)
• 1 Gbps = 125 MB/s
• Kullum raba da 8!

Kuna shirin adana bayanai na sabar? Yi amfani da na biyu-biyu (GiB, TiB) don daidaito. Kuna siyan rumbun ajiya? Ana tallata su a goma-goma (GB, TB). 10 TB na asali ya zama 9.09 TiB na amfani. Karin aikin RAID yana rage fiye da haka. Kullum yi shiri da TiB!

• Shirye-shirye: yi amfani da GiB/TiB
• Siyan: duba GB/TB
• 10 TB = 9.09 TiB
• Ƙara karin aikin RAID!

RAM kullum na biyu-biyu ne! Sandar 8 GB = 8 GiB na ainihi. Adireshin ƙwaƙwalwa karfin 2 ne. Gine-ginen CPU ya dogara ne akan na biyu-biyu. DDR4-3200 = 3200 MHz, amma karfin yana cikin GiB.

• RAM: kullum na biyu-biyu
• 8 GB = 8 GiB (daya ne!)
• Karfin 2 na asali ne
• Babu rudanin goma-goma

Ninka TB da 0.909 don samun TiB. Ko: TB x 0.9 don kimantawa da sauri. 10 TB x 0.909 = 9.09 TiB. Wannan shine kashi 10% da ya 'bace'!

• TB x 0.909 = TiB
• Da sauri: TB x 0.9
• 10 TB = 9.09 TiB
• Bai bace ba!

Raba Mbps da 8 don samun MB/s. 100 Mbps / 8 = 12.5 MB/s. 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps) / 8 = 125 MB/s. Da sauri: raba da 10 don kimantawa.

• Mbps / 8 = MB/s
• 100 Mbps = 12.5 MB/s
• 1 Gbps = 125 MB/s
• Da sauri: raba da 10

CD = 700 MB. DVD = 4.7 GB = 6.7 CD. Blu-ray = 25 GB = 35 CD = 5.3 DVD. Floppy = 1.44 MB = 486 floppy a kowane CD!

• 1 DVD = 6.7 CD
• 1 Blu-ray = 35 CD
• 1 CD = 486 floppy
• Duban tarihi!

Na sayi rumbun ajiya na waje 4 TB. Windows ya nuna 3.64 TiB. Ina ma'ajin ya tafi?

Babu abin da ya bace! Mai kera: 4 TB = 4,000,000,000,000 baiti. Windows yana amfani da TiB: 4 TB / 1.0995 = 3.638 TiB. Lissafi daidai: 4 x 0.909 = 3.636 TiB. Kullum akwai bambancin kusan 10% a matakin TB. Duk yana nan, kawai raka'o'i ne daban-daban!

ISP ya yi alkawarin intanet na 200 Mbps. Gudun saukewa yana nuna 23-25 MB/s. Shin ana yaudara ta?

A'a! 200 Mbps (megaBIT) / 8 = 25 MB/s (megaBAITI). Kuna samun ainihin abin da kuka biya! ISP suna tallata a bit (yana da girma), saukewa yana nuna a baiti. 23-25 MB/s cikakke ne (karin aiki = 2 MB/s). Kullum raba Mbps da aka tallata da 8.

Ina buƙatar adana bayanai 50 TB. Nawa ne rumbun ajiya 10 TB a cikin RAID 5?

50 TB = 45.52 TiB na ainihi. Kowane rumbun ajiya 10 TB = 9.09 TiB. RAID 5 tare da rumbun ajiya 6: 5 x 9.09 = 45.45 TiB na amfani (rumbun ajiya 1 don daidaito). Kuna buƙatar rumbun ajiya 6 x 10 TB. Kullum yi shiri a TiB! Lambobin TB na goma-goma suna bata gari.

Karfin 'formatted' na floppy 3.5": 1.44 MB. Ba a tsara shi ba: 1.474 MB (30 KB fiye). Wannan shine 512 baiti a kowane sashi x 18 sassa x 80 waƙoƙi x 2 gefe = 1,474,560 baiti. An rasa shi ga metadata na tsari!

Yaƙin tsari! DVD-R da DVD+R duka 4.7 GB ne. AMMA DVD+R mai Layer biyu = 8.5 GB, DVD-R DL = 8.547 GB. Bambanci kaɗan. Plus ya yi nasara don dacewa, minus ya yi nasara don karfi. Dukansu suna aiki a ko'ina yanzu!

Me ya sa minti 74? Shugaban Sony yana son Symphony na 9 na Beethoven ya shiga. 74 min x 44.1 kHz x 16 bit x 2 tashoshi = 783,216,000 baiti ≈ 747 MB na asali. Tare da gyaran kuskure: 650-700 MB na amfani. Kiɗa ne ya ƙayyade fasaha!

KiB, MiB, GiB sun zama hukuma tun 1998! Hukumar Lantarki ta Duniya (IEC) ta daidaita prefix na biyu-biyu. A da: kowa yana amfani da KB don duka 1000 da 1024. Rudani na shekaru da yawa! Yanzu muna da haske.

1 YB = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 baiti. Duk bayanan da ke Duniya: ~60-100 ZB (kamar yadda na 2020). Ana buƙatar 60-100 YB don DUK bayanan da ɗan adam ya taɓa ƙirƙira. Gabaɗaya: 60 yottabyte don adana komai!

1956 IBM 350: 5 MB, nauyi 1 ton, farashin $50,000/MB. 2023: 20 TB SSD, nauyi 50g, farashin $0.025/GB. Sau miliyan ya fi arha. Sau biliyan ya fi karami. Bayanai iri daya. Dokar Moore + sihirin masana'antu!

Kafin adana bayanai na maganadisu, bayanai sun kasance a kan kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri: katin huda, tef na takarda, da tsarin relay. Adana bayanai ya kasance na hannu, a hankali, kuma ana auna shi da haruffa, ba baiti ba.

• **Katin Huda na Hollerith** (1890) - ginshiƙai 80 x layuka 12 = 960 bit (~120 baiti). Ƙididdigar Amurka ta 1890 ta yi amfani da katunan miliyan 62! Sun auna tan 500.
• **Tef na Takarda** (1940s) - haruffa 10 a kowane inci. Shirye-shiryen ENIAC sun kasance a kan tef na takarda. Gungun daya = 'yan KB. Mai rauni, shiga jere-jere kawai.
• **Tubalan Williams** (1946) - RAM na farko! bit 1024 (baiti 128) a kan CRT. Mai canzawa. Dole ne a sabunta shi sau 40 a sakan daya ko kuma bayanan su ɓace.
• **Ƙwaƙwalwar Layin Jinkiri** (1947) - Layukan jinkiri na Mercury. Raƙuman sauti sun adana bayanai! bit 1000 (baiti 125). Lissafin sauti!

Adana bayanai ya zama matsala. Shirye-shirye sun kasance ƙanana saboda ƙarancin ma'aji. Shirin 'babba' ya shiga cikin katin huda 50 (~6 KB). Ba a san manufar 'adana' bayanai ba—shirye-shirye sun gudana sau ɗaya.

Rikodin maganadisu ya canza komai. Tef, ganguna, da diski sun iya adana megabyte—sau dubbai fiye da katin huda. Shiga ba da gangan ba ya zama mai yiwuwa.

• **IBM 350 RAMAC** (1956) - Rumbun ajiya na farko. 5 MB a kan faranti 50x 24". Ya auna tan 1. Ya ci $35,000 ($50,000/MB a dala na 2023). Shiga ba da gangan ba a cikin <1 sakan!
• **Tef na Maganadisu** (1950s+) - Gungun-zuwa-gungun. 10 MB a kowane gungun da farko. Shiga jere-jere. Ajiyar baya, taskoki. Har yanzu ana amfani da shi don adana bayanai na dogon lokaci!
• **Diski mai laushi** (1971) - Diski mai laushi 8": 80 KB. Kafa na farko na maganadisu mai šaukuwa. Ana iya aika shirye-shirye ta wasiƙa! 5.25" (1976): 360 KB. 3.5" (1984): 1.44 MB.
• **Rumbun Winchester** (1973) - Faranti da aka rufe. 30 MB. Tushen dukkan HDD na zamani. "30-30" (30 MB da aka gyara + 30 MB mai cirewa) kamar bindigar Winchester.

Adana bayanai na maganadisu ya sa kwamfuta ta zama mai yiwuwa. Shirye-shirye sun iya zama >100 KB. Bayanai sun iya dawwama. An fara amfani da ma'adanar bayanai. An fara zamanin 'adana' da 'loda'.

Laser da ke karanta ƙananan ramuka a cikin diski na filastik. CD, DVD, Blu-ray sun kawo gigabyte ga masu amfani. Juyin halitta daga karantawa-kawai → rubutawa → sake rubutawa.

• **CD (Compact Disc)** (1982) - 650-700 MB. 74-80 mintuna na sauti. 5000x karfin floppy! Ya kashe floppy don rarraba software. $1-2/diski a lokacin da ya fi shahara.
• **CD-R/RW** (1990s) - CD da za a iya rubutawa. Rikodin gida. Mix CD, taskar hotuna. Zamanin '$1 a kowane 700 MB'. Ya ji kamar ba shi da iyaka idan aka kwatanta da floppy 1.44 MB.
• **DVD** (1997) - 4.7 GB layer guda, 8.5 GB layer biyu. 6.7x karfin CD. Bidiyo na HD ya zama mai yiwuwa. Yaƙin tsari: DVD-R vs DVD+R (dukansu sun tsira).
• **Blu-ray** (2006) - 25 GB layer guda, 50 GB layer biyu, 100 GB layer huɗu. Laser mai shuɗi (405nm) vs DVD ja (650nm). Gajeren zango = ƙananan ramuka = ƙarin bayanai.
• **Ragewa** (2010+) - Yawo ya kashe na gani. Rumbun flash na USB ya fi arha, ya fi sauri, kuma ana iya sake rubutawa. Laptop na ƙarshe da ke da rumbun gani: ~2015. Huta lafiya kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri.

Adana bayanai na gani ya dimokradiyyar manyan fayiloli. Kowa yana da mai ƙona CD. Mix CD, taskar hotuna, ajiyar baya na software. Amma yawo da girgije sun kashe shi. Na gani yanzu na taska ne kawai.

Adana bayanai ba tare da sassa masu motsi ba. Ƙwaƙwalwar flash ta tashi daga kilobyte a 1990 zuwa terabyte a 2020. Gudu, dorewa, da yawa sun fashe.

• **Rumbun Flash na USB** (2000) - 8 MB samfuran farko. Ya maye gurbin floppy dare ɗaya. A 2005: 1 GB a $50. A 2020: 1 TB a $100. Saukar farashi 125,000x!
• **Katin SD** (1999) - 32 MB da farko. Kamara, wayoyi, jirage marasa matuka. microSD (2005): girman yatsa. 2023: 1.5 TB microSD—daidai da floppy miliyan 1!
• **SSD (Solid State Drive)** (2007+) - SSD na masu amfani sun iso. 2007: 64 GB a $500. 2023: 4 TB a $200. 10-100x ya fi sauri fiye da HDD. Babu sassa masu motsi = shiru, mai jurewa girgiza.
• **NVMe** (2013+) - SSD na PCIe. 7 GB/s saurin karatu (vs 200 MB/s HDD). Lodin wasa: sakan maimakon mintuna. Fara OS a <10 sakan.
• **QLC Flash** (2018+) - bit 4 a kowane tantanin halitta. Mai arha amma a hankali fiye da TLC (bit 3). Yana ba da damar SSD na masu amfani da yawa-TB. Ciniki: dorewa vs karfi.

Flash ya yi nasara. Har yanzu ana amfani da HDD don adana bayanai da yawa (fa'idar farashi/GB), amma duk adana bayanai na aiki SSD ne. Na gaba: SSD na PCIe 5.0 (14 GB/s). Ƙwaƙwalwar CXL. Ƙwaƙwalwar da ba ta gushewa. Adana bayanai da RAM sun haɗu.

Rumbun ajiya guda < 20 TB. Cibiyoyin bayanai suna adana exabyte. Amazon S3, Google Drive, iCloud—adana bayanai ya zama sabis. Mun daina tunanin karfi.

• **Amazon S3** (2006) - Sabis na adana bayanai na biya-kowane-GB. Adana bayanai na 'mara iyaka' na farko. $0.15/GB/wata da farko. Yanzu $0.023/GB/wata. Adana bayanai ya zama gama gari.
• **Dropbox** (2008) - Aiki tare da komai. 'Manta da adanawa.' Ajiyar baya ta atomatik. 2 GB kyauta ya canza halaye. Adana bayanai ya zama ba a iya gani.
• **Rushewar Farashin SSD** (2010-2020) - $1/GB → $0.10/GB. 10x ya fi arha a cikin shekaru goma. SSD sun tashi daga kayan alatu zuwa ma'auni. Kowane laptop yana zuwa da SSD a 2020.
• **SSD 100 TB** (2020+) - SSD na kamfanoni sun kai 100 TB. Rumbun ajiya guda = floppy miliyan 69. $15,000 amma $/GB yana ci gaba da faɗuwa.
• **Adana Bayanai na DNA** (gwaji) - 215 PB a kowane gram. Nunin Microsoft/Twist Bioscience: sanya lamba 200 MB a cikin DNA. Mai karko na shekaru 1000+. Ajiyar gaba?

Yanzu muna hayar ma'aji, ba mu mallake shi ba. '1 TB iCloud' yana da yawa, amma $10/wata ne kuma muna amfani da shi ba tare da tunani ba. Adana bayanai ya zama kamar wutar lantarki.

Bukatar adana bayanai ta masu amfani ta karu da hotuna, bidiyo, da wasanni. Fahimtar yadda kake amfani da shi yana hana biyan kuɗi da yawa ko ƙarewar wuri.

• **Wayar Hannu**: 64-512 GB. Hotuna (5 MB kowanne), bidiyo (200 MB/min 4K), app (50-500 MB kowanne). 128 GB yana riƙe da ~20,000 hotuna + 50 GB app.
• **Laptop/Desktop**: 256 GB-2 TB SSD. OS + app: 100 GB. Wasanni: 50-150 GB kowanne. 512 GB ya isa ga yawancin masu amfani. 1 TB ga 'yan wasa/masu ƙirƙira.
• **Ajiyar waje**: 1-4 TB HDD. Cikakken ajiyar tsarin + taskoki. Dokar babban yatsa: 2x karfin rumbun ajiyarka na ciki.
• **Ajiyar Girgije**: 50 GB-2 TB. iCloud/Google Drive/OneDrive. Aiki tare da hotuna/takardu ta atomatik. $1-10/wata na al'ada.

Gyaran bidiyo, hotunan RAW, da render 3D suna buƙatar babban ma'aji da gudu. Masana'antu suna buƙatar ma'ajin aiki na TB.

• **Hotuna**: Fayilolin RAW: 25-50 MB kowanne. 1 TB = 20,000-40,000 RAW. JPEG: 5-10 MB. Ajiyar baya tana da mahimmanci!
• **Gyaran Bidiyo na 4K**: 4K60fps ≈ 12 GB a minti daya (ProRes). Aikin awa 1 = 720 GB na fim ɗin asali. Aƙalla 2-4 TB NVMe SSD don layin lokaci.
• **Bidiyo na 8K**: 8K30fps ≈ 25 GB a minti daya. Awa 1 = 1.5 TB! Yana buƙatar jeri na RAID 10-20 TB.
• **Render 3D**: Laburaren zane: 100-500 GB. Fayilolin aiki: 10-100 GB. Fayilolin cache: 500 GB-2 TB. Tashoshin aiki na multi-TB sun zama daidai.

Wasannin zamani suna da girma. Ingancin zane, muryoyi a cikin harsuna da yawa, da sabuntawa kai tsaye suna ƙara girma.

• **Girman Wasanni**: Indie: 1-10 GB. AAA: 50-150 GB. Call of Duty/Warzone: 200+ GB!
• **Ma'ajin Na'urar Wasan**: PS5/Xbox Series: 667 GB na amfani (daga 825 GB SSD). Yana riƙe da wasannin AAA 5-10.
• **Wasan Kwamfuta**: 1 TB aƙalla. Ana ba da shawarar 2 TB. NVMe SSD don lokutan lodi (5-10x ya fi sauri fiye da HDD).
• **Sabuntawa**: Gyare-gyare: 5-50 GB kowanne. Wasu wasanni suna buƙatar sake sauke 100+ GB don sabuntawa!

Wasu suna adana komai: fina-finai, shirye-shiryen TV, bayanan bayanai, Wikipedia. 'Masu tara bayanai' suna auna a cikin dubunnan terabyte.

• **Sabar Watsa Labarai**: Plex/Jellyfin. Fina-finai 4K: 50 GB kowanne. 1 TB = fina-finai 20. Laburaren fina-finai 100 = 5 TB.
• **Shirye-shiryen TV**: Cikakken jeri: 10-100 GB (SD), 50-500 GB (HD), 200-2000 GB (4K). Cikakken Breaking Bad: 35 GB (720p).
• **Adana Bayanai**: Rubutun Wikipedia: 20 GB. Taskar Intanet: 70+ PB. /r/DataHoarder: mutane da ke da jerin gida 100+ TB!
• **Jerin NAS**: NAS mai ɗakuna 4: 16-48 TB na al'ada. Mai ɗakuna 8: 100+ TB. Kariya ta RAID tana da mahimmanci.

Kasuwanci suna aiki a sikelin petabyte. Ma'adanar bayanai, ajiyar baya, nazari, da bin doka suna haifar da buƙatun adana bayanai masu yawa.

• **Sabar Ma'adanar Bayanai**: DB na ciniki: 1-10 TB. Nazari/ma'adanar bayanai: 100 TB-1 PB. Bayanai masu zafi a kan SSD, masu sanyi a kan HDD.
• **Ajiyar Baya & Farfadowa**: Dokar 3-2-1: kwafi 3, nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai 2, 1 a waje. Idan kana da bayanai 100 TB, kana buƙatar karfin ajiyar baya 300 TB!
• **Kula da Bidiyo**: Kamara 1080p: 1-2 GB/awa. 4K: 5-10 GB/awa. Kamara 100 24/7 = 100 TB/wata. Tsarewa: 30-90 kwanaki na al'ada.
• **Ma'ajin VM/Container**: Injinan kama-da-wane: 20-100 GB kowanne. Adana bayanai a gungu: 10-100 TB a kowane gungu. SAN/NAS suna da mahimmanci.

Genomics, kimiyyar lissafi, ƙirar yanayi, da ilimin taurari suna samar da bayanai da sauri fiye da yadda za a iya nazarin su.

• **Genom na Dan Adam**: Biliyan 3 na tushe = 750 MB na asali. Tare da bayani: 200 GB. Aikin Genom 1000: 200 TB!
• **CERN LHC**: 1 PB a kowace rana a lokacin aiki. Biliyan 600 na haɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a sakan daya. Kalubalen adana bayanai > kalubalen lissafi.
• **Misalan Yanayi**: Kwaikwayo guda: 1-10 TB na fitarwa. Gudanar da ƙungiya (yanayi 100+): 1 PB. Bayanai na tarihi: 10+ PB.
• **Ilimin Taurari**: Jerin Kilomita Murabba'i: 700 TB a kowace rana. Zama guda na na'urar hangen nesa: 1 PB. Rayuwa: exabyte.

Yana nuna 931 GiB, ba GB ba! Windows yana nuna GiB amma yana yi masa lakabi da 'GB' (mai ruɗani!). Mai kera: 1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 baiti. Windows: 1 TiB = 1,099,511,627,776 baiti. 1 TB = 931.32 GiB. Babu abin da ya ɓace! Lissafi ne kawai. Danna dama a kan rumbun ajiya a Windows, duba: yana nuna baiti daidai. Raka'o'i ne kawai aka yi musu lakabi ba daidai ba.

GB (gigabyte) = 1,000,000,000 baiti (goma-goma, tushe 10). GiB (gibibyte) = 1,073,741,824 baiti (na biyu-biyu, tushe 2). 1 GiB = 1.074 GB (~7% ya fi girma). Masu kera rumbun ajiya suna amfani da GB (yana da girma). OS yana amfani da GiB (lissafin kwamfuta na gaske). Dukansu suna auna baiti iri ɗaya, amma suna ƙidaya daban! Kullum bayyana wanda kake nufi.

Raba Mbps da 8 don samun MB/s. Ana tallata intanet a megabit (Mbps). Saukewa yana nuna a megabaiti (MB/s). 100 Mbps / 8 = 12.5 MB/s ainihin saurin saukewa. 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps) / 8 = 125 MB/s. ISP suna amfani da bit saboda lambobin suna da girma. Kullum raba da 8!

RAM KULLUM yana cikin GiB! Sandar 8 GB = 8 GiB na ainihi. Ƙwaƙwalwa tana amfani da karfin 2 (na biyu-biyu). Ba kamar rumbun ajiya ba, masu kera RAM suna amfani da raka'o'i iri ɗaya da OS. Babu rudani! Amma suna yi masa lakabi da 'GB' alhali a zahiri GiB ne. Kasuwanci ya sake bugawa. Ƙarshe: karfin RAM shine abin da ya ce.

Ya dogara da mahallin! Kasuwanci/sayarwa: yi amfani da KB, MB, GB (goma-goma). Yana sa lambobi su yi girma. Aikin fasaha/tsari: yi amfani da KiB, MiB, GiB (na biyu-biyu). Ya dace da OS. Shirye-shirye: yi amfani da na biyu-biyu (karfin 2). Takardu: bayyana! Ka ce '1 KB (1000 baiti)' ko '1 KiB (1024 baiti)'. Bayani yana hana rudani.

Kusan floppy 486! CD = 700 MB = 700,000,000 baiti. Floppy = 1.44 MB = 1,440,000 baiti. 700,000,000 / 1,440,000 = 486.1 floppy. Wannan ne dalilin da ya sa CD ya maye gurbin floppy! Ko: 1 DVD = 3,264 floppy. 1 Blu-ray = 17,361 floppy. Adana bayanai ya canza da sauri!