Nauyi yana auna nawa nauyi aka tattara a cikin girma. Kamar kwatanta gashin tsuntsu da dalma—girma ɗaya, nauyi daban-daban. Muhimmin sifa don gano abubuwa.

• Nauyi = nauyi ÷ girma (ρ = m/V)
• Nauyi mai yawa = nauyi mai yawa don girma ɗaya
• Ruwa: 1000 kg/m³ = 1 g/cm³
• Yana ƙayyade iyo/nutsewa

Takamaiman nauyi = nauyi dangane da ruwa. Rabo mara girma. SG = 1 yana nufin daidai da ruwa. SG < 1 yana iyo, SG > 1 yana nutsewa.

• SG = ρ_abu / ρ_ruwa
• SG = 1: daidai da ruwa
• SG < 1: yana iyo (mai, itace)
• SG > 1: yana nutsewa (ƙarfe)

Nauyi yana canzawa da zafi! Iskar gas: suna da matuƙar damuwa. Ruwaye: canje-canje kaɗan. Ruwa yana da mafi girman nauyi a 4°C. Koyaushe a bayyana yanayi.

• Zafi ↑ → nauyi ↓
• Ruwa: mafi girma a 4°C (997 kg/m³)
• Iskar gas suna da damuwa ga matsi/zafi
• Matsayin daidaito: 20°C, 1 atm

kg/m³ shine ma'aunin SI. g/cm³ ya zama ruwan dare gama gari (= SG na ruwa). g/L na magunguna. Duk suna da alaƙa da ƙarfin 10.

• 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³
• 1 g/mL = 1 g/cm³ = 1 kg/L
• 1 t/m³ = 1000 kg/m³
• g/L = kg/m³ (a lamba)

lb/ft³ shine mafi yawan amfani. lb/in³ na abubuwa masu nauyi. lb/gal na ruwaye (galan na US ≠ galan na UK!). pcf = lb/ft³ a gini.

• 1 lb/ft³ ≈ 16 kg/m³
• Galan na US ≠ Galan na UK (bambancin 20%)
• lb/in³ na ƙarfe
• Ruwa: 62.4 lb/ft³

API na man fetur. Brix na sukari. Plato na giya. Baumé na sinadarai. Canje-canje marasa layi!

• API: man fetur (10-50°)
• Brix: sukari/ruwan inabi (0-30°)
• Plato: giya (10-20°)
• Baumé: sinadarai

ρ = m/V. Sanin biyu, a sami na uku. m = ρV, V = m/ρ. Alaƙa mai layi.

• ρ = m / V
• m = ρ × V
• V = m / ρ
• Dole raka'o'i su dace

Archimedes: ƙarfin iyo = nauyin ruwan da aka kora. Yana iyo idan ρ_abu < ρ_ruwa. Yana bayyana duwatsun kankara, jiragen ruwa.

• Yana iyo idan ρ_abu < ρ_ruwa
• Ƙarfin iyo = ρ_ruwa × V × g
• % a cikin ruwa = ρ_abu/ρ_ruwa
• Kankara yana iyo: 917 < 1000 kg/m³

Nauyi yana fitowa daga nauyin atomi + tattarawa. Osmium: mafi nauyi (22,590 kg/m³). Hydrogen: iskar gas mafi haske (0.09 kg/m³).

• Nauyin atomi yana da mahimmanci
• Tattarawar kristal
• Ƙarfe: nauyi mai yawa
• Iskar gas: nauyi kaɗan

• Ruwa shine 1: g/cm³ = g/mL = kg/L = SG (dukansu daidai da 1 ga ruwa)
• Ninka da 1000: g/cm³ × 1000 = kg/m³ (1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³)
• Dokar 16: lb/ft³ × 16 ≈ kg/m³ (1 lb/ft³ ≈ 16.018 kg/m³)
• SG zuwa kg/m³: Kawai a ninka da 1000 (SG 0.8 = 800 kg/m³)
• Gwajin iyo: SG < 1 yana iyo, SG > 1 yana nutsewa, SG = 1 iyo mara motsi
• Dokar kankara: 917 kg/m³ = 0.917 SG → 91.7% a cikin ruwa lokacin da yake iyo

• g/cm³ ≠ g/m³! Bambancin sau 1,000,000. Koyaushe a duba raka'o'in ku!
• Zafi yana da mahimmanci: Ruwa yana 1000 a 4°C, 997 a 20°C, 958 a 100°C
• Galan na US da na UK: bambancin 20% yana shafar canjin lb/gal (119.8 vs 99.8 kg/m³)
• SG ba shi da girma: Kada a ƙara raka'o'i. SG × 1000 = kg/m³ (sannan a ƙara raka'o'i)
• Nauyin API yana baya-baya: API mai girma = mai mai haske (kishiyar nauyi)
• Nauyin iskar gas yana canzawa da P&T: Dole ne a bayyana yanayi ko amfani da dokar iskar gas

Zaɓin abu ta hanyar nauyi. Karfe (7850) mai ƙarfi/nauyi. Aluminum (2700) mai haske. Siminti (2400) na gine-gine.

• Karfe: 7850 kg/m³
• Aluminum: 2700 kg/m³
• Siminti: 2400 kg/m³
• Kumfa: 30-100 kg/m³

Nauyin API yana rarraba mai. Takamaiman nauyi don inganci. Nauyi yana shafar haɗawa, rarrabawa, farashi.

• API > 31.1: danyen mai mai haske
• API < 22.3: danyen mai mai nauyi
• Fetur: ~720 kg/m³
• Dizal: ~832 kg/m³

Brix na yawan sukari. Plato na malt. SG na zuma, sirop. Kula da inganci, sa ido kan fermentation.

• Brix: ruwan 'ya'yan itace, ruwan inabi
• Plato: ƙarfin giya
• Zuma: ~1400 kg/m³
• Madara: ~1030 kg/m³

g/cm³ × 1000 = kg/m³. lb/ft³ × 16 = kg/m³. SG × 1000 = kg/m³.

• 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³
• 1 lb/ft³ ≈ 16 kg/m³
• SG × 1000 = kg/m³
• 1 g/mL = 1 kg/L

m = ρ × V. Ruwa: 2 m³ × 1000 = 2000 kg.

• m = ρ × V
• Ruwa: 1 L = 1 kg
• Karfe: 1 m³ = 7850 kg
• Duba raka'o'i

V = m / ρ. Zinariya 1 kg: V = 1/19320 = 51.8 cm³.

• V = m / ρ
• 1 kg na zinariya = 51.8 cm³
• 1 kg na Al = 370 cm³
• Mai nauyi = ƙarami

Gangar karfe 2m × 0.3m × 0.3m, ρ=7850. Nauyi?

V = 0.18 m³. m = 7850 × 0.18 = 1413 kg ≈ 1.4 ton.

Itace (600 kg/m³) a cikin ruwa. Yana iyo?

600 < 1000, yana iyo! A cikin ruwa: 600/1000 = 60%.

1 kg na zinariya. ρ=19320. Girma?

V = 1/19320 = 51.8 cm³. Girman akwatin ashana!

22,590 kg/m³. Kafa mai siffar sukari ɗaya = 1,410 lb! Yana doke iridium da ɗan kaɗan. Ba a cika samun sa ba, ana amfani da shi a kan alƙalami.

Kankara 917 < ruwa 1000. Kusan abu ne na musamman! Tafkuna suna daskarewa daga sama zuwa ƙasa, suna ceton rayuwar cikin ruwa.

Mafi nauyi a 4°C, ba a 0°C ba! Yana hana tafkuna daskarewa gaba ɗaya—ruwan 4°C yana nutsewa zuwa ƙasa.

1-2 kg/m³. 'Hayaki mai daskarewa'. Yana ɗaukar nauyin sa sau 2000. Jiragen Mars suna amfani da shi!

~4×10¹⁷ kg/m³. Cokali ɗaya = biliyan 1 na ton! Atomi suna rugujewa. Abu mafi nauyi.

0.09 kg/m³. Sau 14 ya fi iska haske. Mafi yawa a sararin samaniya duk da ƙarancin nauyinsa.

Lokacin 'Eureka!' mafi shahara a kimiyya ya faru ne lokacin da Archimedes ya gano ka'idar iyo da rarraba nauyi yayin da yake wanka a Syracuse, Sicily.

• Sarki Hiero na II ya yi zargin cewa maƙerinsa ya yaudare shi ta hanyar haɗa azurfa a cikin kambin zinariya
• Archimedes ya buƙaci tabbatar da zamba ba tare da lalata kambin ba
• Da ya lura da yadda ruwa ke korawa a cikin bahonsa, ya gane cewa zai iya auna girma ba tare da lalacewa ba
• Hanyar: Auna nauyin kambin a cikin iska da cikin ruwa; kwatanta da samfurin zinariya mai tsafta
• Sakamako: Kambin yana da ƙarancin nauyi fiye da zinariya mai tsafta—an tabbatar da zamba!
• Gado: Ka'idar Archimedes ta zama tushen kimiyyar ruwa da kimiyyar nauyi

Wannan gano na shekaru 2,300 da suka gabata ya kasance tushen auna nauyi na zamani ta hanyar hanyoyin korar ruwa da iyo.

Juyin juya halin kimiyya ya kawo kayan aiki masu daidaito da nazarin tsari na nauyin abubuwa, iskar gas, da magunguna.

• 1586: Galileo Galilei ya ƙirƙiri ma'aunin ruwa—kayan aikin auna nauyi na farko mai daidaito
• 1660s: Robert Boyle ya yi nazarin alaƙar nauyin iskar gas da matsi (Dokar Boyle)
• 1768: Antoine Baumé ya haɓaka ma'aunin hydrometer na magungunan sinadarai—har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau
• 1787: Jacques Charles ya auna nauyin iskar gas da zafi (Dokar Charles)
• 1790s: Lavoisier ya kafa nauyi a matsayin muhimmin sifa a kimiyyar sinadarai

Wadannan ci gaban sun canza nauyi daga sha'awa zuwa kimiyya mai yawa, wanda ya ba da damar kimiyyar sinadarai, kimiyyar kayan aiki, da kula da inganci.

Masana'antu sun haɓaka ma'aunin nauyi na kansu don man fetur, abinci, abin sha, da sinadarai, kowannensu an inganta shi don bukatunsu na musamman.

• 1921: Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka ta ƙirƙiri ma'aunin nauyin API—mafi girman digiri = danyen mai mai haske, mai daraja
• 1843: Adolf Brix ya inganta saccharometer na magungunan sukari—°Brix har yanzu shine ma'auni a abinci/abin sha
• 1900s: An daidaita ma'aunin Plato don giya—yana auna abubuwan da ke cikin wort da giya
• 1768-yanzu: Ma'aunin Baumé (mai nauyi & mai haske) na acid, sirop, da sinadarai na masana'antu
• Ma'aunin Twaddell na ruwayen masana'antu masu nauyi—har yanzu ana amfani da shi a plating na lantarki

Waɗannan ma'auni marasa layi suna ci gaba da wanzuwa saboda an inganta su don ƙananan jeri inda daidaito ya fi muhimmanci (misali, API 10-50° ya shafi yawancin danyen mai).

Fahimtar matakin atomi, sabbin kayan aiki, da kayan aiki masu daidaito sun kawo sauyi a auna nauyi da injiniyancin kayan aiki.

• 1967: X-ray crystallography ya tabbatar da cewa osmium shine abu mafi nauyi a 22,590 kg/m³ (ya doke iridium da 0.12%)
• 1980s-90s: Ma'aunin nauyi na dijital ya kai daidaito na ±0.0001 g/cm³ na ruwaye
• 1990s: An haɓaka Aerogel—abu mafi haske a duniya a 1-2 kg/m³ (99.8% iska)
• 2000s: Gilashin ƙarfe mai gauraye da nauyi-ƙarfi mara misaltuwa
• 2019: Sake fasalin SI ya danganta kilogram da Planck constant—yanzu ana iya gano nauyi zuwa kimiyyar lissafi ta asali

Kimiyyar sararin samaniya ta ƙarni na 20 ta bayyana matsanancin nauyi fiye da tunanin duniya.

• Sararin samaniya tsakanin taurari: ~10⁻²¹ kg/m³—kusan cikakken wofi da atomin hydrogen
• Yanayin duniya a matakin teku: 1.225 kg/m³
• Taurari farare: ~10⁹ kg/m³—cokali ɗaya yana da nauyin ton da yawa
• Taurarin Neutron: ~4×10¹⁷ kg/m³—cokali ɗaya daidai yake da ~biliyan 1 na ton
• Singularity na baƙin rami: A ka'idar nauyi mara iyaka (kimiyyar lissafi ta karye)

Nauyin da aka sani ya shafi ~40 na girma—daga wofin sararin samaniya zuwa rugujewar taurari.

A yau, auna nauyi yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a kimiyya, masana'antu, da kasuwanci.

• Man Fetur: Nauyin API yana ƙayyade farashin danyen mai (±1° API = miliyoyin daraja)
• Tsaron abinci: Duba nauyi yana gano ƙazanta a zuma, man zaitun, madara, ruwan 'ya'yan itace
• Magunguna: Daidaito na ƙasa da milligram don haɗa magani da kula da inganci
• Injiniyancin kayan aiki: Inganta nauyi don sararin samaniya (mai ƙarfi + mai haske)
• Muhalli: Auna nauyin teku/yanayi don samfuran yanayi
• Binciken sararin samaniya: Bayyana asteroids, duniyoyi, yanayin exoplanet

Nauyi yana da raka'o'i (kg/m³, g/cm³). SG rabo ne mara girma ga ruwa. SG=ρ/ρ_ruwa. SG=1 yana nufin daidai da ruwa. Ninka SG da 1000 don samun kg/m³. SG yana da amfani don kwatance mai sauri.

Ruwa yana faɗaɗa lokacin da ya daskare. Kankara=917, ruwa=1000 kg/m³. Kankara ya fi ruwa haske da 9%. Tafkuna suna daskarewa daga sama zuwa ƙasa, suna barin ruwa a ƙasa don rayuwa. Idan kankara ya nutse, tafkuna za su daskare gaba ɗaya. Haɗin hydrogen na musamman.

Zafi mai yawa → ƙarancin nauyi (faɗaɗawa). Iskar gas suna da matuƙar damuwa. Ruwaye ~0.02%/°C. Abubuwa masu ƙarfi kaɗan. Banda: ruwa ya fi nauyi a 4°C. Koyaushe a bayyana zafi don daidaito.

US=3.785L, UK=4.546L (ya fi girma da 20%). Yana shafar lb/gal! 1 lb/US gal=119.8 kg/m³. 1 lb/UK gal=99.8 kg/m³. Koyaushe a bayyana.

Yana da matuƙar daidaito idan an sarrafa zafi. ±0.001 ya zama ruwan dare gama gari na ruwaye a zafi mai tsayayye. Abubuwa masu ƙarfi ±0.01. Iskar gas suna buƙatar sarrafa matsi. Matsayin daidaito: 20°C ko 4°C don madogarar ruwa.

Ruwaye: hydrometer, pycnometer, ma'aunin dijital. Abubuwa masu ƙarfi: Archimedes (korar ruwa), pycnometer na iskar gas. Daidaito: 0.0001 g/cm³ yana yiwuwa. Sarrafa zafi yana da matuƙar mahimmanci.