Mai Canza Haske
Haske & Fhotometri — Daga Candela zuwa Lumen
Kware da raka'o'in fhotometri a cikin rukunai 5: haskakawa (lux), haske (nit), ƙarfin haske (candela), kwararar haske (lumen), da kuma fallasa. Fahimci bambanci tsakanin haske A saman abubuwa da kuma DAGA saman abubuwa.
Tushen Fhotometri
Adadi Biyar na Zahiri
Fhotometri na auna abubuwa 5 DABAN-DABAN! Haskakawa: hasken da ke faɗuwa A saman (lux). Haske: hasken DAGA saman (nit). Ƙarfi: ƙarfin tushe (candela). Kwarara: jimillar fitarwa (lumen). Fallasa: haske x lokaci. Ba za a iya haɗa su ba!
- Haskakawa: lux (haske A)
- Haske: nit (haske DAGA)
- Ƙarfi: candela (tushe)
- Kwarara: lumen (jimilla)
- Fallasa: lux-second (lokaci)
Haskakawa (Lux)
Hasken da ke faɗuwa A kan wani wuri. Raka'o'i: lux (lx) = lumen a kowane murabba'in mita. Hasken rana: 100,000 lux. Ofis: 500 lux. Hasken wata: 0.1 lux. Yana auna yadda wani wuri yake da haske lokacin da aka haska shi.
- lux = lm/m² (lumen/yanki)
- Hasken rana: 100,000 lx
- Ofis: 300-500 lx
- Ba za a iya canza shi zuwa nit ba!
Haske (Nit)
Hasken da ke fitowa DAGA wani wuri (wanda aka fitar ko aka haskaka). Raka'o'i: nit = candela a kowane murabba'in mita. Allon waya: 500 nits. Laptop: 300 nits. Daban da haskakawa! Yana auna hasken wurin da kansa.
- nit = cd/m²
- Waya: 400-800 nits
- Laptop: 200-400 nits
- Daban da haskakawa!
- Adadi 5 daban-daban na zahiri - ba za a iya haɗa su ba!
- Haskakawa (lux): haske A saman
- Haske (nit): haske DAGA saman
- Ƙarfi (candela): ƙarfin tushe a wata hanya
- Kwarara (lumen): jimillar hasken da aka fitar
- Canza kawai a cikin rukuni ɗaya!
An Bayyana Rukunai Biyar
Haskakawa (Haske A)
Hasken da ya faɗo A kan wani wuri. Yana auna yawan hasken da ya bugi wani yanki. Babban raka'a: lux (lx). 1 lux = 1 lumen a kowane murabba'in mita. Foot-candle (fc) = 10.76 lux. Ana amfani da shi don zane-zanen haske.
- lux (lx): raka'ar SI
- foot-candle (fc): na daular
- phot (ph): CGS (10,000 lx)
- Yana auna hasken da aka karɓa
Haske (Haske DAGA)
Hasken da aka fitar ko aka haskaka DAGA wani wuri. Hasken da kake gani. Babban raka'a: nit = candela/m². Stilb = 10,000 nits. Lambert, foot-lambert na tarihi ne. Ana amfani da shi don nuni, alluna.
- nit (cd/m²): na zamani
- stilb: 10,000 nits
- lambert: 3,183 nits
- foot-lambert: 3.43 nits
Ƙarfi, Kwarara, Fallasa
Ƙarfi (candela): ƙarfin tushe a wata hanya. Babban raka'ar SI! Kwarara (lumen): jimillar fitarwa a kowane bangare. Fallasa (lux-second): haskakawa a tsawon lokaci don daukar hoto.
- candela (cd): tushen SI
- lumen (lm): jimillar fitarwa
- lux-second: fallasa
- Dukansu adadi ne daban-daban!
Fisikar Ma'aunin Haske
Dokar Juya-Juya ta Murabba'i
Ƙarfin haske yana raguwa da murabba'in nisa. Haskakawa E = Ƙarfi I / nisa² (r²). Nisa sau biyu = 1/4 na haske. 1 candela a mita 1 = 1 lux. A mita 2 = 0.25 lux.
- E = I / r²
- Nisa sau biyu = 1/4 na haske
- 1 cd a 1m = 1 lx
- 1 cd a 2m = 0.25 lx
Daga Kwarara zuwa Haskakawa
Kwararar haske ta bazu a kan wani yanki. E (lux) = Kwarara (lumen) / Yanki (m²). Lumen 1000 a kan 1 m² = 1000 lux. A kan 10 m² = 100 lux. Yanki mafi girma = ƙarancin haskakawa.
- E = Φ / A
- 1000 lm / 1 m² = 1000 lx
- 1000 lm / 10 m² = 100 lx
- Yanki yana da mahimmanci!
Haske & Haskakawa
Haske = haskakawa x haskakawa / π. Bango fari (90% haskakawa): babban haske. Wuri baƙi (10% haskakawa): ƙaramin haske. Haskakawa iri ɗaya, haske daban-daban! Ya dogara da wurin.
- L = E × ρ / π
- Fari: babban haske
- Baƙi: ƙaramin haske
- Wuri yana da mahimmanci!
Ma'aunin Matsayin Haske
| Yanayi | Haskakawa (lux) | Bayanan kula |
|---|---|---|
| Hasken taurari | 0.0001 | Hasken halitta mafi duhu |
| Hasken wata (cike) | 0.1 - 1 | Dare mai haske |
| Hasken titi | 10 - 20 | Na birni na yau da kullun |
| Falo | 50 - 150 | Gida mai daɗi |
| Wurin aiki na ofis | 300 - 500 | Bukata ta yau da kullun |
| Shagon kasuwanci | 500 - 1000 | Nuni mai haske |
| Ɗakin tiyata | 10,000 - 100,000 | Cikakken aikin tiyata |
| Hasken rana kai tsaye | 100,000 | Rana mai haske |
| Cikakken hasken rana | 10,000 - 25,000 | Daga gizagizai zuwa rana |
Hasken Nuni (Haske)
| Na'ura | Na yau da kullun (nits) | Mafi yawa (nits) |
|---|---|---|
| Mai karanta e-littafi (e-ink) | 5-10 | 15 |
| Allon laptop | 200-300 | 400 |
| Allon tebur | 250-350 | 500 |
| Waya mai wayo | 400-600 | 800-1200 |
| Talabijin na HDR | 400-600 | 1000-2000 |
| Na'urar nuna fina-finai | 48-80 | 150 |
| Allon LED na waje | 5000 | 10,000+ |
Aikace-aikace a Rayuwa ta Gaske
Zane-zanen Haske
Ofis: 300-500 lux. Kasuwanci: 500-1000 lux. Aikin tiyata: 10,000+ lux. Dokokin gine-gine suna ƙayyadad da bukatun haskakawa. Kadan sosai: ciwon ido. Yawa sosai: haske mai yawa, ɓarnar wutar lantarki. Haske da ya dace yana da muhimmanci sosai!
- Ofis: 300-500 lx
- Kasuwanci: 500-1000 lx
- Aikin tiyata: 10,000+ lx
- Dokokin gine-gine suna aiki
Fasahar Nuni
Allon waya/kwamfutar hannu: 400-800 nits yawanci. Laptop: 200-400 nits. Talabijin na HDR: 1000+ nits. Nunin waje: 2000+ nits don gani. Haske yana ƙayyade yadda za a iya karantawa a cikin yanayi mai haske.
- Wayoyi: 400-800 nits
- Laptop: 200-400 nits
- Talabijin na HDR: 1000+ nits
- Waje: 2000+ nits
Ɗaukar Hoto
Fallasa kyamara = haskakawa x lokaci. Lux-seconds ko lux-hours. Ma'aunin haske yana auna lux. Fallasa da ta dace tana da muhimmanci sosai don ingancin hoto. EV (darajar fallasa) yana da alaƙa da lux-seconds.
- Fallasa = lux x lokaci
- Ma'aunin haske: lux
- lux-second: raka'ar hoto
- EV yana da alaƙa da fallasa
Lissafi Mai Sauri
Juya-Juya ta Murabba'i
Haskakawa tana raguwa da nisa². 1 cd a 1m = 1 lx. A 2m = 0.25 lx (1/4). A 3m = 0.11 lx (1/9). Da sauri: raba da murabba'in nisa!
- E = I / r²
- 1m: raba da 1
- 2m: raba da 4
- 3m: raba da 9
Yaduwa a kan Yanki
Kwarara a kan yanki. Kwan fitila na 1000 lm. A nisan 1 m, yana yaduwa a kan wani wuri mai siffar ƙwallo mai faɗin 12.6 m². 1000 / 12.6 = 79 lux. Ƙwallo mafi girma = ƙarancin lux.
- Yankin ƙwallo = 4πr²
- 1m: 12.6 m²
- 2m: 50.3 m²
- Kwarara / yanki = haskakawa
Lux zuwa Foot-Candle
1 foot-candle = 10.764 lux. Da sauri: fc x 10 ≈ lux. Ko: lux / 10 ≈ fc. Kusa da isa don ƙididdiga!
- 1 fc = 10.764 lx
- fc x 10 ≈ lux
- lux / 10 ≈ fc
- Ƙididdiga mai sauri
Yadda Canje-canje ke Aiki
- Mataki na 1: Duba rukuni
- Mataki na 2: Canza kawai a cikin rukuni
- Haskakawa: lux, fc, phot
- Haske: nit, lambert, fL
- KADA KA taɓa ketare rukunai!
Canje-canje na yau da kullun (A cikin Rukunai)
| Daga | Zuwa | Dalili | Misali |
|---|---|---|---|
| lux | foot-candle | 0.0929 | 100 lx = 9.29 fc |
| foot-candle | lux | 10.764 | 10 fc = 107.6 lx |
| phot | lux | 10,000 | 1 ph = 10,000 lx |
| nit (cd/m²) | foot-lambert | 0.2919 | 100 nit = 29.2 fL |
| foot-lambert | nit | 3.426 | 100 fL = 343 nit |
| stilb | nit | 10,000 | 1 sb = 10,000 nit |
| lambert | nit | 3183 | 1 L = 3183 nit |
| lumen | watt@555nm | 0.00146 | 683 lm = 1 W |
Misalai Masu Sauri
Matsaloli da Aka Warware
Hasken Ofis
Ofis yana buƙatar lux 400. Kowane kwan fitila na LED yana samar da lumen 800. Ɗakin yana da girman 5m x 4m (20 m²). Kayan fitilu nawa ake buƙata?
Jimillar lumen da ake buƙata = 400 lx x 20 m² = 8,000 lm. Kayan fitilu da ake buƙata = 8,000 / 800 = 10 kwan fitilu. Wannan yana ɗauka cewa akwai rarraba daidai kuma babu asara.
Nisan Tocila
Tocila tana da ƙarfin candela 1000. Menene haskakawa a nisan mita 5?
E = I / r². E = 1000 cd / (5m)² = 1000 / 25 = 40 lux. Dokar juya-juya ta murabba'i: nisa sau biyu = 1/4 na haske.
Hasken Allon
Allon laptop yana da nits 300. Canza shi zuwa foot-lamberts?
1 nit = 0.2919 foot-lambert. 300 nit x 0.2919 = 87.6 fL. Matsayin tarihi na fina-finai ya kasance 16 fL, don haka laptop ɗin ya fi haske sau 5.5!
Kura-kurai na yau da kullun
- **Haɗa rukunai**: Ba za a iya canza lux zuwa nit ba! Adadi ne na zahiri daban-daban. Lux = haske A saman. Nit = haske DAGA saman. Ana buƙatar haskakawa don haɗa su.
- **Manta dokar juya-juya ta murabba'i**: Haske yana raguwa da MURABBA'IN nisa, ba a layi ɗaya ba. Nisa 2x = 1/4 na haske, ba 1/2 ba!
- **Rikita lumen da lux**: Lumen = jimillar fitarwa (kowane bangare). Lux = fitarwa a kowane yanki (bangare ɗaya). Kwan fitila na 1000 lm BA ya samar da lux 1000!
- **Yin watsi da haskakawa**: Bango fari da bango baƙi a ƙarƙashin haskakawa iri ɗaya suna da haske daban-daban. Wuri yana da mahimmanci!
- **Candela da ƙarfin kyandir**: 1 candela ≠ 1 ƙarfin kyandir. Kyandir na pentane = 10 candela. Raka'o'in tarihi sun bambanta!
- **Raka'o'in hasken nuni**: Masu kera suna haɗa nits, cd/m², da % haske. Koyaushe duba ainihin nits don kwatantawa.
Abubuwa Masu Ban Sha'awa
Candela Raka'ar Tushe ce ta SI
Candela na ɗaya daga cikin raka'o'in tushe 7 na SI (tare da mita, kilogram, sakan, amp, kelvin, mole). An bayyana shi a matsayin ƙarfin haske na tushen da ke fitar da haske na 540 THz tare da ƙarfin haske na 1/683 watt a kowane steradian. Raka'a ɗaya tilo da ta dogara da fahimtar ɗan adam!
An Bayyana Lumen daga Candela
1 lumen = haske daga tushen candela 1 a kan wani kusurwa mai ƙarfi na steradian 1. Tun da ƙwallo tana da steradian 4π, tushen candela 1 na isotropic yana fitar da jimillar lumen 4π ≈ 12.57. Lumen an samo shi ne, candela na asali ne!
555 nm shine Mafi Girman Hankali
Idon ɗan adam ya fi jin hasken 555 nm (kore-rawaya). Watt 1 na hasken 555 nm = 683 lumen (mafi girman da zai yiwu). Hasken ja ko shuɗi: ƙarancin lumen a kowane watt. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa ganin dare yake kore!
Nunin HDR = 1000+ Nits
Nunin yau da kullun: 200-400 nits. HDR (High Dynamic Range): 1000+ nits. Wasu suna kaiwa 2000-4000 nits! Hasken rana: 5000+ nits. HDR yana kwaikwayon kewayon haske na ainihin duniya don hotuna masu ban mamaki.
Foot-Candle daga Kyandir na Gaske
1 foot-candle = haskakawa a nisan ƙafa 1 daga tushen candela 1. Asalin daga ainihin kyandir a nisan ƙafa 1! = 10.764 lux. Har yanzu ana amfani da shi a cikin dokokin haske na Amurka.
Matsayin Hasken Fina-finai
Ana daidaita na'urorin nuna fina-finai zuwa 14-16 foot-lamberts (48-55 nits). Wannan yana kama da duhu idan aka kwatanta da talabijin/waya! Amma a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai duhu, yana haifar da bambanci da ya dace. Na'urorin nuna fina-finai na gida galibi suna da nits 100+ don hasken yanayi.
Juyin Halittar Ma'aunin Haske: Daga Kyandir zuwa Ka'idojin Kimiya
Tushen Haske na Da (Kafin 1800)
Kafin fhotometri na kimiyya, mutane sun dogara da zagayowar haske na halitta da kuma tushen wucin gadi marasa inganci. Fitilun mai, kyandirori, da fitilu sun ba da haske marar daidaito wanda ake auna shi kawai ta hanyar kwatantawa.
- Kyandirori a matsayin ka'idoji: ana amfani da kyandirorin da aka yi da kitse, kakin zuma, da spermaceti a matsayin abin dogaro
- Babu ma'auni na adadi: ana bayyana haske a matsayin inganci ('mai haske kamar rana', 'mai duhu kamar hasken wata')
- Bambance-bambancen yanki: kowace al'ada ta haɓaka ka'idojinta na kyandir ba tare da yarjejeniya ta duniya ba
- Iyakancewar gano abu: babu fahimtar haske a matsayin radiation na lantarki ko photons
Haihuwar Fhotometri na Kimiyya (1800-1900)
Karni na 19 ya kawo yunƙurin tsara ma'aunin haske, wanda ya samo asali daga amfani da hasken iskar gas da kuma hasken lantarki na farko.
- 1799 - Fhotomita na Rumford: Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) ya ƙirƙiro fhotomita na inuwa don kwatanta tushen haske
- 1860s - Ka'idojin kyandir sun bayyana: kyandir na spermaceti (man whale), fitilar Carcel (man kayan lambu), fitilar Hefner (amyl acetate) sun yi gogayya a matsayin abin dogaro
- 1881 - Ka'idar Violle: Jules Violle ya ba da shawarar platinum a matakin daskarewa (1769°C) a matsayin ka'idar haske - 1 murabba'in cm yana fitar da 1 Violle
- 1896 - Kyandir na Hefner: ka'idar Jamusanci da ke amfani da wutar amyl acetate da aka sarrafa, wanda har yanzu ake amfani da shi a cikin 1940s (0.903 candela na zamani)
Tsarin Duniya (1900-1948)
Ƙoƙarin farkon karni na 20 ya haɗa ka'idojin ƙasa masu gogayya zuwa Kyandir na Duniya, wanda shine magabacin candela na zamani.
- 1909 - Kyandir na Duniya: yarjejeniya tsakanin Faransa, Burtaniya, da Amurka ta bayyana ka'idar a matsayin 1/20 na mai haskaka baƙin jiki na platinum a matakin daskarewa
- 1921 - An gabatar da raka'ar Bouger: wanda ya dogara da ka'idar platinum, kusan daidai da candela na zamani
- 1930s - Ka'idar pentane: wasu ƙasashe sun yi amfani da fitilar pentane da aka tsara maimakon platinum
- 1940s - Yaƙi ya rushe ka'idoji: Yaƙin Duniya na II ya jaddada buƙatar ma'auni na duniya, wanda za a iya sake yi, wanda ya zama mai zaman kansa daga kayan tarihi
Candela ta zama Babban Raka'ar SI (1948-1979)
Haɗin gwiwar duniya bayan yaƙi ya kafa candela a matsayin raka'ar tushe ta bakwai ta SI, wanda aka fara bayyana shi ta hanyar radiation na baƙin jiki na platinum.
1948 Definition: 1948 (9th CGPM): An bayyana Candela a matsayin ƙarfin haske na 1/600,000 m² na platinum a matakin daskarewa. A karon farko, 'candela' ta maye gurbin 'kyandir' a hukumance. Ta kafa fhotometri a cikin tsarin SI tare da mita, kilogram, sakan, amp, kelvin, da mole.
Challenges:
- Dogaro da platinum: yana buƙatar cikakken iko akan tsabtar platinum da zafin jiki (1769°C)
- Gane da wahala: 'yan dakunan gwaje-gwaje ne kawai za su iya kula da na'urar matakin daskarewa na platinum
- Hankalin launi: ma'anar da ta dogara da ganin photopic (taswirar hankalin idon ɗan adam)
- Juyin halittar kalmomi: an karɓi 'nit' ba bisa ka'ida ba don cd/m² a 1967, kodayake ba kalma ce ta SI ba
Juyin Juya Halin Kimiya: Haɗa Haske da Abubuwan da ba sa Canzawa (1979-Yanzu)
Sake bayyana a 1979 ya 'yantar da candela daga kayan tarihi na zahiri, a maimakon haka ya haɗa shi da watt ta hanyar hankalin idon ɗan adam a wani takamaiman tsawon zango.
1979 Breakthrough: CGPM na 16 ya sake bayyana candela bisa ga radiation na monochrome: 'Ƙarfin haske, a wata hanya da aka ba, na tushen da ke fitar da radiation na monochrome na mitar 540 × 10¹² Hz (555 nm, mafi girman hankalin idon ɗan adam) kuma yana da ƙarfin radiation na 1/683 watt a kowane steradian.' Wannan ya sa 683 lumen ya zama daidai da 1 watt a 555 nm.
Advantages:
- Abin da ba ya canzawa: an haɗa shi da watt (raka'ar ƙarfin SI) da aikin hasken photopic na ɗan adam
- Sake yin abu: kowane dakin gwaje-gwaje zai iya gane candela ta amfani da laser da na'urar ganowa da aka daidaita
- Babu kayan tarihi: babu platinum, babu matakan daskarewa, babu ka'idojin zahiri da ake buƙata
- Cikakken tsawon zango: an zaɓi 555 nm a matsayin mafi girman ganin photopic (inda ido ya fi jin abu)
- Lambar 683: an zaɓa don kiyaye ci gaba da ma'anar candela da ta gabata
Modern Impact:
- Daidaita LED: yana da muhimmanci ga ka'idojin ingancin makamashi (ƙididdigar lumen a kowane watt)
- Fasahar nuni: ka'idojin HDR (nits) sun dogara da cikakkiyar ma'anar candela
- Dokokin haske: bukatun gine-gine (matakan lux) ana iya gano su zuwa ka'idar kimiyya
- Ilimin taurari: ma'aunin hasken taurari yana da alaƙa da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi
Juyin Juya Halin Fasaha a Haske (1980s-Yanzu)
Fasahar haske ta zamani ta canza yadda muke ƙirƙira, auna, da amfani da haske, wanda ya sa cikakken fhotometri ya zama da muhimmanci fiye da kowane lokaci.
Zamanin LED (2000s-2010s)
LEDs sun kawo sauyi a haske tare da 100+ lumens/watt (idan aka kwatanta da 15 lm/W na fitilun da ba sa konewa). Alamar makamashi yanzu tana buƙatar cikakken ƙididdigar lumen. Alamar nuna launi (CRI) da zafin launi (Kelvin) sun zama ƙayyadaddun bayanai ga masu amfani.
Fasahar Nuni (2010s-Yanzu)
Nunin HDR suna kaiwa 1000-2000 nits. Ikon matakin pixel na OLED. Ka'idoji kamar HDR10, Dolby Vision suna buƙatar cikakkun bayanai na haske. Ganin wayoyin hannu a waje yana haifar da mafi girman haske na 1200+ nits. Fina-finai suna kiyaye nits 48 don bambanci da ya dace.
Haske Mai Wayo & Zane-zane da ke La'akari da Mutum (2020s)
Binciken zagayowar rana da dare yana haifar da haske mai daidaitawa (daidaita CCT). Ma'aunin lux a cikin wayoyin hannu. Dokokin gine-gine suna ƙayyadad da haskakawa don lafiya/samarwa. Fhotometri na da muhimmanci a cikin zane-zanen jin daɗi.
- Raka'a ɗaya tilo ta SI da ta dogara da fahimtar ɗan adam: Candela na musamman tana haɗa ilimin halittu (hankalin ido) a cikin ma'anar kimiyyar lissafi
- Daga kyandirori zuwa kimiyya: tafiya daga sandunan kakin zuma marasa inganci zuwa ka'idojin da aka ayyana da laser a cikin shekaru 200
- Har yanzu yana ci gaba: fasahar LED da nuni suna ci gaba da haifar da sabbin abubuwa a fhotometri
- Tasiri mai amfani: hasken allon wayarka, hasken ofis, da fitilun motarka duk suna komawa zuwa 683 lumen = 1 watt a 555 nm
- Gaba: yiwuwar ƙarin ingantawa yayin da muke fahimtar ilimin gani da kyau, amma ma'anar yanzu ta kasance mai ƙarfi sosai tun 1979
Shawara ta Kwararru
- **Duba rukuni da farko**: Koyaushe tabbatar kana canzawa a cikin rukuni ɗaya. Lux zuwa fc: Lafiya. Lux zuwa nit: BA DAI DAI BA!
- **Juya-juya ta murabba'i mai sauri**: Nisa x2 = haske /4. Nisa x3 = haske /9. Lissafi mai sauri a kai!
- **Lumen ≠ Lux**: Kwan fitila na 1000 lumen da aka bazu a kan 1 m² = 1000 lux. A kan 10 m² = 100 lux. Yanki yana da mahimmanci!
- **Foot-candle mai sauri**: fc x 10 ≈ lux. Kusa da isa don ƙididdiga masu sauƙi. Cikakke: fc x 10.764 = lux.
- **Kwatanta nuni**: Koyaushe yi amfani da nits (cd/m²). Yi watsi da bayanan % haske. Nits ne kawai abin dogaro.
- **Ƙididdigar hasken ɗaki**: 300-500 lux shine na yau da kullun a ofis. Jimillar lumen da ake buƙata = lux x yanki (m²). Sannan a raba da lumen a kowane kwan fitila.
- **Rubutun kimiyya ta atomatik**: Darajoji ≥ 1 miliyan ko < 0.000001 suna bayyana ta atomatik a cikin rubutun kimiyya (misali, 1.0e+6) don sauƙin karantawa!
Cikakken Bayanin Fhotometri
Haskakawa
Light falling ON a surface - lux, foot-candle, phot. Units: lm/m². Cannot convert to other categories!
| Raka'a | Alama | Bayanan kula & Aikace-aikace |
|---|---|---|
| lux | lx | Raka'ar SI na haskakawa. 1 lx = 1 lm/m². Ofis: 300-500 lux. Hasken rana: 100,000 lux. |
| kilolux | klx | 1000 lux. Yanayin waje mai haske. Matsayin hasken rana kai tsaye. |
| millilux | mlx | 0.001 lux. Yanayin haske mai ƙaranci. Matsayin magariba. |
| microlux | µlx | 0.000001 lux. Yanayin duhu sosai. Matsayin hasken taurari. |
| kafa-kyandir | fc | Haskakawar daular. 1 fc = 10.764 lux. Har yanzu ana amfani da shi a cikin dokokin Amurka. |
| phot | ph | Raka'ar CGS. 1 ph = 10,000 lux = 1 lm/cm². Ba a cika amfani da shi a yanzu ba. |
| nox | nx | 0.001 lux. Hasken dare. Daga kalmar Latin 'dare'. |
| lumen a kowace murabba'in mita | lm/m² | Kamar lux. Ma'anar kai tsaye: 1 lm/m² = 1 lux. |
| lumen a kowace murabba'in santimita | lm/cm² | Kamar phot. 1 lm/cm² = 10,000 lux. |
| lumen a kowace murabba'in kafa | lm/ft² | Kamar foot-candle. 1 lm/ft² = 1 fc = 10.764 lux. |
Walƙiya
Light emitted/reflected FROM a surface - nit, cd/m², foot-lambert. Different from illuminance!
| Raka'a | Alama | Bayanan kula & Aikace-aikace |
|---|---|---|
| candela a kowace murabba'in mita (nit) | cd/m² | Raka'ar haske na zamani = nit. Ana kimanta nuni a cikin nits. Waya: 500 nits. |
| nit | nt | Sunan gama gari na cd/m². Matsayin hasken nuni. HDR: 1000+ nits. |
| stilb | sb | 1 cd/cm² = 10,000 nits. Mai haske sosai. Ba a cika amfani da shi a yanzu ba. |
| candela a kowace murabba'in santimita | cd/cm² | Kamar stilb. 1 cd/cm² = 10,000 cd/m². |
| candela a kowace murabba'in kafa | cd/ft² | Hasken daular. 1 cd/ft² = 10.764 cd/m². |
| candela a kowace murabba'in inci | cd/in² | 1 cd/in² = 1550 cd/m². Ƙaramin yanki, haske mai yawa. |
| lambert | L | 1/π cd/cm² = 3,183 cd/m². Wuri mai watsawa daidai. |
| millilambert | mL | 0.001 lambert = 3.183 cd/m². |
| kafa-lambert | fL | 1/π cd/ft² = 3.426 cd/m². Matsayin fina-finan Amurka: 14-16 fL. |
| apostilb | asb | 1/π cd/m² = 0.318 cd/m². Raka'ar CGS. |
| blondel | blondel | Kamar apostilb. 1/π cd/m². An sa masa suna bayan André Blondel. |
| bril | bril | 10^-7 lambert = 3.183 x 10^-6 cd/m². Gani da ya dace da duhu. |
| skot | sk | 10^-4 lambert = 3.183 x 10^-4 cd/m². Raka'ar ganin scotopic. |
Ƙarfin Haske
Light source strength in a direction - candela (SI base unit), candle power. Different physical quantity!
| Raka'a | Alama | Bayanan kula & Aikace-aikace |
|---|---|---|
| candela | cd | Babban raka'ar SI! Ƙarfin haske a wata hanya. LED: 1-10 cd yawanci. |
| kilocandela | kcd | 1000 candela. Tushen haske masu haske sosai. Fitilun bincike. |
| millicandela | mcd | 0.001 candela. Ƙananan LED. Fitilun nuni: 1-100 mcd. |
| hefnerkerze (kyandir na hefner) | HK | 0.903 cd. Matsayin kyandir na Jamus. Wutar amyl acetate. |
| kyandir na duniya | ICP | 1.02 cd. Matsayin farko. Platinum a matakin daskarewa. |
| kyandir na decimal | dc | Kamar candela. Kalmar Faransanci ta farko. |
| kyandir na pentane (ƙarfin kyandir 10) | cp | 10 cd. Matsayin fitilar pentane. Ƙarfin kyandir 10. |
| raka'ar carcel | carcel | 9.74 cd. Matsayin fitilar Faransanci. Fitilar mai ta Carcel. |
| bougie decimal | bougie | Kamar candela. Kyandir na goma na Faransanci. |
Gudun Haske
Total light output in all directions - lumen. Cannot convert to intensity/illuminance without geometry!
| Raka'a | Alama | Bayanan kula & Aikace-aikace |
|---|---|---|
| lumen | lm | Raka'ar SI na kwararar haske. Jimillar hasken da aka fitar. Kwan fitila na LED: 800 lm yawanci. |
| kilolumen | klm | 1000 lumen. Kwan fitilu masu haske. Hasken kasuwanci. |
| millilumen | mlm | 0.001 lumen. Tushen haske marasa ƙarfi. |
| watt (a 555 nm, kololuwar ingancin haske) | W@555nm | 1 W a 555 nm = 683 lm. Mafi girman ingancin haske. Mafi girman hasken kore. |
Bayyanar Photometric
Light exposure over time - lux-second, lux-hour. Illuminance integrated over time.
| Raka'a | Alama | Bayanan kula & Aikace-aikace |
|---|---|---|
| lux-dakika | lx⋅s | Haskakawa a tsawon lokaci. Fallasa hotuna. 1 lx na sakan 1. |
| lux-awa | lx⋅h | 3600 lux-seconds. 1 lx na awa 1. Dogon fallasa. |
| phot-dakika | ph⋅s | 10,000 lux-seconds. Hasken fallasa. |
| kafa-kyandir-dakika | fc⋅s | 10.764 lux-seconds. Foot-candle na sakan 1. |
| kafa-kyandir-awa | fc⋅h | 38,750 lux-seconds. Foot-candle na awa 1. |
Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka na Canjin Fhotometri
Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka
- Sanin adadin: Lux (A saman), nit (DAGA saman), candela (tushe), lumen (jimilla) - KADA KA taɓa haɗawa!
- Canza kawai a cikin rukuni ɗaya: lux↔foot-candle LAFIYA, lux↔nit BA ZAI YIWU BA ba tare da bayanan wuri ba
- Don lumen zuwa lux: ana buƙatar yanki da tsarin rarraba haske (ba kawai rarraba ba!)
- Hasken nuni a cikin nits: 200-300 a cikin gida, 600+ a waje, 1000+ abun ciki na HDR
- Dokokin haske suna amfani da lux: ofis 300-500 lx, kasuwanci 500-1000 lx, tabbatar da bukatun gida
- Ɗaukar hoto: lux-seconds don fallasa, amma kyamarori na zamani suna amfani da sikelin EV (darajar fallasa)
Kura-kurai na yau da kullun da za a guje wa
- Ƙoƙarin canza lux zuwa nit kai tsaye: Ba zai yiwu ba! Adadi ne daban-daban (A vs DAGA saman)
- Canza lumen zuwa lux ba tare da yanki ba: Dole ne a san yankin da aka haskaka da tsarin rarrabawa
- Yin watsi da dokar juya-juya ta murabba'i: Ƙarfin haske yana raguwa da nisa² (nisa sau biyu = 1/4 na haske)
- Haɗa rukunai: Kamar ƙoƙarin canza mita zuwa kilogram - ba shi da ma'ana a zahiri!
- Amfani da raka'a mara kyau don aikace-aikace: nuni suna buƙatar nits, ɗakuna suna buƙatar lux, ana kimanta kwan fitilu a cikin lumen
- Rikita candela da ƙarfin kyandir (candlepower): tsohuwar raka'ar daular, ba ɗaya da candela na zamani ba (cd)
Tambayoyi da Amsoshi
Menene bambanci tsakanin lux da nit?
Daban-daban ne gaba ɗaya! Lux = haskakawa = hasken da ke faɗuwa A kan wani wuri (lm/m²). Nit = haske = hasken da ke fitowa DAGA wani wuri (cd/m²). Misali: tebur yana da haskakawa na lux 500 daga fitilun sama. Allon kwamfuta yana da haske na nits 300 wanda kake gani. Ba za a iya canza su tsakanin juna ba tare da sanin haskakawar wurin ba! Adadi ne na zahiri daban-daban.
Zan iya canza lumen zuwa lux?
Ee, amma kuna buƙatar yanki! Lux = lumen / yanki (m²). Kwan fitila na lumen 1000 da ke haskaka wani wuri mai faɗin 1 m² = 1000 lux. Kwan fitila iri ɗaya da ke haskaka 10 m² = 100 lux. Hakanan nisa (dokar juya-juya ta murabba'i) da tsarin rarraba haske suna shafar shi. Ba canji ne na kai tsaye ba!
Me yasa candela babban raka'ar SI ce?
Saboda dalilai na tarihi da na aiki. Ƙarfin haske yana da muhimmanci - ana iya auna shi kai tsaye daga tushe. Lumen, lux an samo su ne daga candela ta amfani da lissafi. Hakanan, candela ita ce raka'ar SI ɗaya tilo da ta dogara da fahimtar ɗan adam! An bayyana shi ta amfani da hankalin launin idon ɗan adam a 555 nm. Na musamman ne a cikin raka'o'in SI.
Menene hasken allo mai kyau?
Ya dogara da yanayin! A cikin gida: nits 200-300 ya isa. A waje: kuna buƙatar nits 600+ don gani. Abun ciki na HDR: 400-1000 nits. Haske da yawa a cikin duhu = ciwon ido. Haske mai ƙaranci a cikin rana = ba za ku iya gani ba. Na'urori da yawa suna daidaita kansu ta atomatik. Wayoyi galibi suna da nits 400-800, wasu suna kaiwa 1200+ don hasken rana mai ƙarfi.
Lumen nawa nake buƙata?
Ya dogara da ɗakin da manufar! Dokar gama gari: 300-500 lux ga ofisoshi. Ɗakin kwana: 100-200 lux. Kicin: 300-400 lux. Haɗa lux x yankin ɗakin (m²) = jimillar lumen. Misali: ofis mai girman 4m x 5m (20 m²) a lux 400 = ana buƙatar lumen 8,000. Sannan a raba da lumen a kowane kwan fitila.
Me yasa ba zan iya haɗa waɗannan rukunai ba?
Su ne adadi na zahiri daban-daban tare da ma'aunai daban-daban! Kamar ƙoƙarin canza kilogram zuwa mita - ba zai yiwu ba! Haskakawa shine kwarara/yanki. Haske shine ƙarfi/yanki. Ƙarfi shine candela. Kwarara shine lumen. Dukkansu suna da alaƙa da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi/lissafi amma BA za a iya canza su kai tsaye ba. Kuna buƙatar ƙarin bayani (nisa, yanki, haskakawa) don haɗa su.
Cikakken Jagoran Kayan Aiki
Dukan kayan aiki 71 da ke akwai a kan UNITS