Babban ginshiƙin ginin hotunan dijital

Kowane hoto na dijital grid ne na pixels da aka jera a jere da ginshiƙai. Pixel ɗaya yana nuna launi ɗaya daga cikin miliyoyin launuka masu yiwuwa (yawanci miliyan 16.7 a cikin nunin yau da kullun). Idon ɗan adam yana ganin waɗannan ƙananan murabba'ai masu launi a matsayin hotuna masu ci gaba.

Misali: Nunin 1920×1080 yana da pixels 1,920 a kwance da pixels 1,080 a tsaye, wanda ya kai jimlar pixels 2,073,600 na mutum ɗaya.

Pixel miliyan ɗaya, ma'aunin daidaitacce don auna ƙudurin kyamara

Megapixels suna nuna jimlar adadin pixels a cikin na'urar daukar hoto ko hoto. Yawan megapixels yana ba da damar manyan bugu, ƙarin sassauci wajen yanke hoto, da ɗaukar cikakkun bayanai. Koyaya, megapixels ba komai bane—girman pixel, ingancin ruwan tabarau, da sarrafa hoto suma suna da mahimmanci.

Misali: Kyamarar 12MP tana ɗaukar hotuna da pixels miliyan 12, yawanci a matsayin ƙudurin 4000×3000 (4,000 × 3,000 = 12,000,000).

Dangantakar daidaito tsakanin faɗi da tsawo

Yanayin hoto yana ƙayyade siffar hotonka ko nunin ka. Yanayin hoto daban-daban suna hidima ga dalilai daban-daban, daga daukar hoto na gargajiya zuwa sinima mai faɗi.

• 16:9 — Ma'auni don bidiyo HD/4K, yawancin nunin zamani, YouTube
• 4:3 — Tsarin TV na gargajiya, yawancin tsofaffin kyamarori, nunin iPad
• 3:2 — Fim na gargajiya na 35mm, yawancin kyamarorin DSLR, bugu
• 1:1 — Tsarin murabba'i, sakonnin Instagram, fim na matsakaicin tsari
• 21:9 — Sinima mai faɗi, manyan masu saka idanu, wayoyin hannu
• 17:9 (256:135) — Ma'aunin haskakawar sinima na DCI

1975–1995

Haihuwar hoton dijital ya ga canji daga fim zuwa na'urorin daukar hoto na lantarki, kodayake ƙuduri ya kasance mai iyaka sosai saboda ƙuntatawar ajiya da sarrafawa.

• 1975: Samfurin farko na kyamarar dijital ta Kodak — pixels 100×100 (0.01MP), an yi rikodin zuwa kaset
• 1981: Sony Mavica — pixels 570×490, an adana shi a kan floppy disks
• 1987: QuickTake 100 — 640×480 (0.3MP), kyamarar dijital ta farko ga masu amfani
• 1991: Kodak DCS-100 — 1.3MP, $13,000, wanda aka yi niyya ga 'yan jarida masu daukar hoto
• 1995: Kyamarar megapixel ta farko ga masu amfani — Casio QV-10 a 320×240

2000–2010

Masu kera kyamara sun yi gogayya sosai kan adadin megapixels, suna ƙaruwa cikin sauri daga 2MP zuwa 10MP+ yayin da fasahar na'urar daukar hoto ta ci gaba kuma ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta zama mai rahusa.

• 2000: Canon PowerShot S10 — 2MP ya zama ma'aunin yau da kullun ga masu amfani
• 2002: Kyamarorin 5MP na farko sun isa, suna daidaita ingancin fim na 35mm don bugu 4×6
• 2005: Canon EOS 5D — 12.8MP cikakken firam DSLR ya kawo sauyi a daukar hoto na ƙwararru
• 2007: iPhone ya ƙaddamar da kyamarar 2MP, yana fara juyin juya halin daukar hoto na wayar hannu
• 2009: Kyamarorin matsakaicin tsari sun kai 80MP — Leaf Aptus-II 12
• 2010: Kyamarorin wayar hannu sun kai 8MP, suna fafatawa da kyamarorin point-and-shoot

2010–Yanzu

Ƙudurin bidiyo ya fashe daga ma'anar yau da kullun zuwa 4K da kuma bayansa, yayin da kyamarorin wayar hannu suka yi daidai da kayan aikin ƙwararru. An mayar da hankali daga adadin megapixels zuwa daukar hoto na lissafi.

• 2012: An saki TV ɗin 4K na farko — 3840×2160 (8.3MP) ya zama sabon ma'auni
• 2013: Kyamarorin wayar hannu sun kai 13MP tare da ingantaccen sarrafa hoto
• 2015: YouTube yana goyan bayan loda bidiyo 8K (7680×4320)
• 2017: Kyamarorin sinima suna ɗaukar 8K RAW — RED Weapon 8K
• 2019: Samsung Galaxy S20 Ultra — na'urar daukar hoto ta kyamarar wayar hannu ta 108MP
• 2020: TV ɗin 8K sun zama masu samuwa ga masu amfani, kyamarorin sinima 12K a samarwa
• 2023: iPhone 14 Pro Max — 48MP tare da daukar hoto na lissafi

2024 da Bayan haka

Ci gaban ƙuduri yana ci gaba don aikace-aikace na musamman, amma hankalin masu amfani yana karkata zuwa HDR, kewayon tsauri, aiki a ƙarancin haske, da hoton da aka inganta da AI.

• Nunin 16K a ci gaba don VR/AR da hoton likitanci
• Kyamarorin sinima suna binciken 16K da sama don sassaucin VFX
• Ɗaukar hoto na lissafi yana maye gurbin fa'idodin ƙuduri na gaske
• Haɓaka AI yana sa ƙananan ƙuduri su zama masu yiwuwa
• Haɗa gigapixel don aikace-aikacen kimiyya da fasaha
• Hoton filin haske da holographic na iya sake fasalin 'ƙuduri'

1280×720 pixels

0.92 MP (jimlar pixels 921,600)

Ma'aunin HD na farko da aka yaɗa, har yanzu yana da yawa don yawo, wasanni a babban firam, da nunin kasafin kuɗi.

Aikace-aikace na yau da kullun:

• Yawo na YouTube 720p
• Masu saka idanu na farko
• Wasan kwaikwayo mai girma (120Hz+)
• Taron bidiyo

1920×1080 pixels

2.07 MP (jimlar pixels 2,073,600)

Babban ma'aunin HD tun 2010. Kyakkyawan haske don fuska har zuwa inci 50. Mafi kyawun daidaito tsakanin inganci da girman fayil.

Ma'aunin masana'antu don:

• Diski na Blu-ray
• Yawancin masu saka idanu (inci 13-27)
• PlayStation 4/Xbox One
• Samar da bidiyo na ƙwararru
• Ayyukan yawo

2560×1440 pixels

3.69 MP (jimlar pixels 3,686,400)

Wuri mai daɗi tsakanin 1080p da 4K, yana ba da 78% ƙarin pixels fiye da Full HD ba tare da buƙatun aikin 4K ba.

An fi so don:

• Masu saka idanu na wasan kwaikwayo (inci 27, 144Hz+)
• Gyaran hoto
• Wayoyin hannu masu tsada
• Yawo na YouTube 1440p

3840×2160 pixels

8.29 MP (jimlar pixels 8,294,400)

Ma'aunin ƙima na yanzu, yana ba da 4× pixels na 1080p. Kyakkyawan haske a kan manyan fuska, yana ba da damar sassaucin yanke hoto a bayan samarwa.

Ma'aunin ƙima don:

• TV ɗin zamani (inci 43+)
• PS5/Xbox Series X
• Netflix 4K
• Bidiyo na ƙwararru
• Masu saka idanu masu tsada (inci 32+)

7680×4320 pixels

33.18 MP (jimlar pixels 33,177,600)

Ma'aunin ƙarni na gaba wanda ke ba da 4× ƙudurin 4K. Cikakkun bayanai masu ban mamaki don manyan fuska, sassaucin yanke hoto mai tsanani.

Aikace-aikace masu tasowa:

• TV ɗin ƙima (inci 65+)
• Kyamarorin sinima
• YouTube 8K
• Na'urorin kai na VR
• Abun ciki na gaba

12288×6912 pixels

84.93 MP (jimlar pixels 84,934,656)

Gaba-gaba na kyamarorin sinima. Sassauci na musamman don sake tsarawa, VFX, da samar da abubuwa masu tsada a gaba.

Aikace-aikace na ƙwararru:

• Blackmagic URSA Mini Pro 12K
• Hollywood VFX
• Sinima IMAX
• Buga allon talla daga bidiyo

Digital Cinema Initiatives — Bayanan fasaha na Hollywood don sinima na dijital

Manyan situdiyo ne suka kafa shi a 2002 don maye gurbin fim na 35mm da haskakawar dijital yayin kiyayewa ko wuce ingancin fim.

• Yanayin hoto mai faɗi fiye da 16:9 na masu amfani (kimanin 17:9)
• An inganta shi don girman allon sinima (har zuwa ƙafa 60+ a faɗi)
• Wurin launi na ƙwararru na DCI-P3 (mafi faɗin gamut fiye da na masu amfani na Rec. 709)
• Mafi girman bitrate da zurfin launi fiye da tsarin masu amfani
• Kariyar abun ciki da rufaffiyar da aka gina a ciki

Ma'aunin sinima da na masu amfani sun bambanta saboda dalilai na fasaha da na aiki:

• DCI 4K shine 4096×2160 vs. UHD 4K shine 3840×2160 — DCI yana da 6.5% ƙarin pixels
• Yanayin hoto: DCI shine 1.9:1 (na sinima) vs. UHD shine 1.78:1 (16:9 TV)
• Wurin launi: DCI-P3 (sinima) vs. Rec. 709/2020 (mai amfani)
• Adadin firam: DCI yana nufin 24fps, UHD yana goyan bayan 24/30/60fps

Bukatar ƙuduri ta bambanta dangane da girman fitarwa da sassaucin yanke hoto.

• 12–24MP: Cikakke don yanar gizo, kafofin watsa labarun, bugu har zuwa inci 11×14
• 24–36MP: Ma'aunin ƙwararru, sassaucin yanke hoto mai matsakaici
• 36–60MP: Kaya, wuri, fasaha mai kyau — manyan bugu, aikin bayan samarwa mai yawa
• 60MP+: Matsakaicin tsari, gine-gine, daukar hoto na samfur a mafi girman bayanai

Ƙudurin bidiyo yana shafar ajiya, aikin gyara, da ingancin isarwa.

• 1080p: YouTube, kafofin watsa labarun, watsa shirye-shiryen TV, abun ciki na yanar gizo
• 1440p: Babban YouTube, yawo na wasanni tare da cikakkun bayanai
• 4K: Samarwa na ƙwararru, sinima, ayyukan yawo
• 6K/8K: Sinima mai tsada, aikin VFX, tabbatar da gaba, sake tsarawa mai tsanani

Daidaita ƙuduri da girman allo da nisan kallo don mafi kyawun ƙwarewa.

• Mai saka idanu mai inci 24: 1080p ya dace, 1440p don aiki
• Mai saka idanu mai inci 27: 1440p wuri mai daɗi, 4K don aikin ƙwararru
• Mai saka idanu mai inci 32+: 4K mafi ƙanƙanta, 5K/6K don gyaran hoto/bidiyo
• TV inci 43–55: 4K ma'auni
• TV inci 65+: 4K mafi ƙanƙanta, 8K yana da amfani a kusa da kallo

Ƙudurin buga ya dogara da girman da nisan kallo.

• Inci 4×6 a 300 DPI: 2.16MP (kowane kyamara na zamani)
• Inci 8×10 a 300 DPI: 7.2MP
• Inci 11×14 a 300 DPI: 13.9MP
• Inci 16×20 a 300 DPI: 28.8MP (ana buƙatar kyamara mai girman ƙuduri)
• Allon talla: 150 DPI ya isa (ana kallo daga nesa)

1080×1080 zuwa 1920×1080 (1–2 MP)

Dandamali na kafofin watsa labarun suna matsewa sosai. Ƙuduri mafi girma yana ba da ƙaramin amfani kuma yana rage saurin lodawa.

• Instagram max: 1080×1080
• YouTube: 1080p ya isa ga mafi yawa
• TikTok: 1080×1920 ya fi dacewa

24–45 MP mafi ƙanƙanta

Isar da abokin ciniki, manyan bugu, da sassaucin yanke hoto suna buƙatar ƙuduri mai girma.

• Aikin kasuwanci: 24MP+
• Edita: 36MP+
• Buga fasaha mai kyau: 45MP+

1920×1080 matsakaicin (an inganta)

Daidaita inganci da saurin lodawa shafi. Yi amfani da nau'ikan 2× don nunin retina.

• Hotunan jarumi: <200KB an matse
• Hotunan samfur: 1200×1200
• Retina: kadarorin ƙuduri 2×

1440p a 144Hz ko 4K a 60Hz

Daidaita ingancin gani da adadin firam dangane da nau'in wasan.

• Gasar: 1080p/144Hz+
• Na yau da kullun: 1440p/60-144Hz
• Na sinima: 4K/60Hz

• Ɗauki a ƙuduri mafi girma fiye da tsarin isarwa don sassauci
• Ƙarin megapixels ≠ inganci mafi kyau—girman na'urar daukar hoto da ruwan tabarau sun fi mahimmanci
• Daidaita yanayin hoto da fitarwa da aka yi niyya (bidiyo 16:9, hotuna 3:2)
• Ɗaukar RAW yana adana mafi girman bayanai don aikin bayan samarwa

• Bidiyo 8K: ~400GB a kowace awa (RAW), shirya ajiya daidai
• Yi amfani da proxies don gyaran 4K+ don kiyaye aiki mai sauƙi
• Matsa hotunan yanar gizo—1080p JPEG a 80% inganci ba a iya gane shi ba
• Adana ainihin, isar da nau'ikan da aka matse

• Mai saka idanu mai inci 27: 1440p ya dace, 4K ya wuce kima a nesa na yau da kullun
• Dokar girman TV: Zauna 1.5× diagonal allo don 4K, 3× don 1080p
• Wasan kwaikwayo: Ba da fifiko ga adadin sabuntawa akan ƙuduri don wasan gasa
• Aikin ƙwararru: Daidaiton launi > ƙuduri don gyaran hoto/bidiyo

• Rage 4K zuwa 1080p don isar da yanar gizo—yana da kaifi fiye da na asali 1080p
• Yi amfani da haɓakar GPU don gyaran bidiyo 4K+
• Yi yawo a 1440p idan bandwidth yana da iyaka—mafi kyau fiye da 4K mai yankewa
• Haɓaka AI (DLSS, FSR) yana ba da damar wasan kwaikwayo a ƙuduri mafi girma

Idon ɗan adam yana da kusan ƙudurin megapixels 576. Koyaya, kawai tsakiyar 2° (fovea) ne ke kusantar wannan yawan—ganin gefe yana da ƙuduri mafi ƙanƙanta.

Hoto mafi girma da aka taɓa ƙirƙira shine gigapixels 365—hoton Mont Blanc. A cikakken ƙuduri, zai buƙaci bangon TV ɗin 4K mai faɗin ƙafa 44 don nuna shi a girman asali.

Kyamarar Filin Faɗi 3 ta Hubble tana ɗaukar hotuna na megapixels 16. Kodayake yana da sauƙi ta ma'aunin zamani, rashin gurɓataccen yanayi da na'urorin daukar hoto na musamman suna samar da cikakkun bayanai na taurari marasa misaltuwa.

Fim na 35mm yana da kusan ƙudurin 24MP daidai lokacin da aka duba shi da kyau. Dijital ya wuce ingancin fim a kusa da 2005 tare da kyamarorin 12MP+ masu araha.

Wayar kyamara ta farko (J-SH04, 2000) tana da ƙudurin 0.11MP—pixels 110,000. Manyan wayoyin yau suna da 400× ƙarin pixels a 48–108MP.

A nisan kallo na yau da kullun, 8K ba ya ba da wani fa'ida da ake gani akan 4K akan fuska ƙasa da inci 80. Talla sau da yawa ya wuce ikon gani na ɗan adam.

Ee, idan kuna zama cikin ƙafa 5. Bayan wannan nisan, yawancin mutane ba za su iya bambanta 4K da 1080p ba. Koyaya, abun ciki na 4K, HDR, da ingantaccen sarrafawa a cikin TV ɗin 4K har yanzu suna ba da ƙima.

Wataƙila rashin isasshen bitrate ko haske. 4K a ƙananan bitrate (ƙasa da 50Mbps) yana nuna ƙarin kurakuran matsewa fiye da 1080p a manyan bitrate. Hakanan, 4K yana bayyana girgizar kyamara da matsalolin mayar da hankali waɗanda 1080p ke ɓoyewa.

A 300 DPI: 4×6 yana buƙatar 2MP, 8×10 yana buƙatar 7MP, 11×14 yana buƙatar 14MP, 16×20 yana buƙatar 29MP. Bayan nisan kallo na ƙafa 2, 150-200 DPI ya isa, yana rage buƙatun da rabi.

A'a, ƙuduri mafi girma yana rage aiki. 4K yana buƙatar 4× ikon GPU na 1080p don adadin firam ɗaya. Don wasan gasa, 1080p/1440p a babban adadin sabuntawa ya doke 4K a ƙaramin adadin sabuntawa.

Ƙananan na'urorin daukar hoto na wayar hannu suna yin sulhu da ingancin pixel don yawa. Kyamarar 12MP cikakken firam ta fi wayoyin hannu 108MP saboda girman pixel, ingantattun ruwan tabarau, da ingantaccen sarrafawa. Wayoyi suna amfani da haɗa pixel (haɗa pixels 9 zuwa 1) don ingantattun hotuna 12MP.

4K (DCI) shine 4096×2160 (yanayin hoto 17:9) don sinima. UHD shine 3840×2160 (16:9) don TV ɗin masu amfani. Talla sau da yawa yana kiran UHD '4K' a musanyawa, kodayake a zahiri UHD yana da 6.5% ƙarancin pixels.

Sai dai idan allon yana da girma (inci 80+) kuma kuna zaune kusa sosai (ƙasa da ƙafa 4). Don TV ɗin 55-65 na yau da kullun a ƙafa 8-10, hangen nesa na ɗan adam ba zai iya ganin bambancin tsakanin 4K da 8K ba.

Bitrate. 1080p Blu-ray yana da matsakaicin 30-40 Mbps, yayin da Netflix 1080p ke amfani da 5-8 Mbps. Matsawa mai girma yana haifar da kurakurai. 4K Blu-ray (80-100 Mbps) ya fi 4K yawo (15-25 Mbps) nesa ba kusa ba.