Ẹka Ipilẹ: Mita (m)

Awọn Anfani: Orisun-mẹwa, gbogbo agbaye, boṣewa imọ-jinlẹ

Lilo: Awọn orilẹ-ede 195+ ni agbaye, gbogbo awọn aaye imọ-jinlẹ

• nanomita

  10⁻⁹ m - Awọn iwọn iwọn atomiki
• milimita

  10⁻³ m - Imọ-ẹrọ pipe
• kilometer

  10³ m - Awọn ijinna agbegbe

Ẹka Ipilẹ: Ẹsẹ (ft)

Awọn Anfani: Ogbon inu iwọn eniyan, imọ aṣa

Lilo: Orilẹ Amẹrika, diẹ ninu awọn ohun elo ni UK

• inchi

  1/12 ft - Awọn iwọn kekere ti o peye
• yaadi

  3 ft - Aṣọ, awọn aaye ere idaraya
• maili (kariaye)

  5,280 ft - Awọn ijinna opopona

Awọn Ẹka ti o da lori Ara:

• Kubit: Gigun apa iwaju (≈18 inches)
• Ẹsẹ: Gigun ẹsẹ eniyan
• Igbesẹ: Gigun igbesẹ meji
• Span: Iwọn ọwọ (lati atanpako si ika kekere)

Iwọnyi yatọ lati ẹni kọọkan si ekeji, ṣiṣẹda awọn ariyanjiyan iṣowo ati rudurudu wiwọn.

Awọn Ilana Aarin:

• Ẹsẹ Ọba: Da lori awọn iwọn olori
• Ọpá: ẹsẹ 16.5 fun wiwọn ilẹ
• Ell: inches 45 fun wiwọn aṣọ

Awọn ilana ti ara ti o wa ninu awọn iṣura ọba, ṣugbọn tun yatọ laarin awọn ijọba.

Pipe Modern:

• 1793: Mita ti a ṣalaye bi 1/10,000,000 ti meridian Paris
• 1960: Tun ṣalaye nipa lilo igbi redio krypton-86
• 1983: Itumọ lọwọlọwọ nipa lilo iyara ina

Itumọ kọọkan pọ si pipe ati isọdọtun agbaye.

Pipe ni ikole ṣe idaniloju iduroṣinṣin igbekale, lakoko ti iwadii n fi idi awọn aala ofin ati data igbega mulẹ.

• Awọn koodu ile: ifarada ±3 mm fun irin igbekale, ±6 mm fun gbigbe nja
• Iwadi ilẹ: deede GPS ±5 cm petele, ±10 cm inaro fun iṣẹ aala
• Ifilelẹ ipilẹ: lapapọ deede ibudo si ±2 mm fun awọn aaye oran pataki
• Giga opopona: awọn ipele laser ṣetọju iṣakoso igbega ±1 cm lori awọn akoko 100 m

Awọn ifarada pinnu ibamu, iṣẹ, ati isọdọkan. Awọn onipò ifarada ISO wa lati IT01 (0.3 μm) si IT18 (250 μm).

• Ẹrọ CNC: boṣewa ± 0.025 mm (± 0.001 in), iṣẹ pipe ± 0.005 mm
• Awọn ibamu ti nso: ifarada H7/g6 fun awọn ohun elo gbogbogbo, H6/js5 fun pipe
• Iwe irin: ±0.5 mm fun awọn bends, ±0.1 mm fun gige laser
• Titẹ 3D: FDM ±0.5 mm, SLA ±0.1 mm, deede Layer SLM irin ±0.05 mm

Awọn iwọn boṣewa ṣe idaniloju idije ododo ati ododo igbasilẹ kọja Olympic ati awọn ere idaraya ọjọgbọn.

• Orin & aaye: 400 m ofali ±0.04 m, iwọn ọna 1.22 m (±0.01 m)
• Papa bọọlu: 100-110 m × 64-75 m (FIFA), ibi-afẹde 7.32 m × 2.44 m gangan
• Ile-ẹjọ bọọlu inu agbọn: NBA 28.65 m × 15.24 m, giga rim 3.048 m (±6 mm)
• Awọn adagun odo: Olympic 50 m × 25 m (±0.03 m), iwọn ọna 2.5 m

GPS, GIS, ati aworan agbaye gbarale awọn wiwọn gigun deede fun ipo ati awọn iṣiro ijinna.

• Pipe GPS: ilu ±5 m, WAAS/EGNOS ±1 m, RTK ±2 cm
• Awọn shatti Nautical: awọn ijinle ni awọn mita / fathoms, awọn ijinna ni awọn maili nautical
• Awọn maapu Topographic: awọn aaye arin elegbegbe 5-20 m, iwọn 1:25,000 si 1:50,000
• Lilọ kiri ọkọ ofurufu: Awọn ọna atẹgun ti a ṣalaye nipasẹ awọn maili nautical, awọn giga ni awọn ẹsẹ loke MSL

Lati awọn iho tẹlifisiọnu si awọn ijinna agba aye, awọn wiwọn gigun gbooro si awọn aṣẹ 60+ ti titobi.

• Aperture Telescope: magbowo 100-300 mm, iwadi 8-10 m digi
• Awọn ọna satẹlaiti: LEO 300-2,000 km, giga GEO 35,786 km
• Iwari Exoplanet: ọna irekọja ṣe iwọn awọn iyipada iwọn ila opin irawọ ±0.01%
• Awọn ijinna Galaxy: Ti wọn ni Mpc (megaparsecs), ibakan Hubble ± 2% aidaniloju

Imọ-jinlẹ ti ibi ati ohun elo gbarale pipe sub-micrometer fun aworan sẹẹli ati itupalẹ nanostructure.

• Imọ-ẹrọ maikirosikopu ina: ipinnu ~ 200 nm (opin diffraction), ijinna iṣẹ 0.1-10 mm
• Imọ-ẹrọ maikirosikopu elekitironi: ipinnu SEM 1-5 nm, TEM <0.1 nm fun aworan atomiki
• Awọn wiwọn sẹẹli: kokoro arun 1-10 μm, awọn sẹẹli ẹranko 10-30 μm ni iwọn ila opin
• AFM (Atomic Force): ipinnu Z <0.1 nm, awọn agbegbe ọlọjẹ 100 nm si 100 μm

Iwọn aṣọ, awọn wiwọn aṣọ, ati isọdi apẹrẹ nilo awọn iṣedede gigun deede kọja awọn ẹwọn ipese agbaye.

• Iwọn aṣọ: 110 cm (aṣọ), 140-150 cm (awọn aṣọ ile), 280 cm (awọn aṣọ ibusun)
• Awọn iyọọda Seam: boṣewa 1.5 cm (⅝ in), awọn okun Faranse 6 mm ni ilọpo meji
• Isọdi apẹrẹ: awọn alekun iwọn 5 cm (igbaya / ẹgbẹ-ikun / ibadi) fun aṣọ awọn obinrin
• Kika o tẹle ara: awọn aṣọ-ikele 200-800 awọn okun fun inch kan (giga = weave ti o dara julọ)

Awọn ero ilẹ, awọn iwọn pupọ, ati awọn ibeere ifẹhinti ṣe akoso idagbasoke ohun-ini ati idiyele.

• Awọn ero ilẹ: ti a ya ni iwọn 1:50 tabi 1:100, awọn iwọn yara ± 5 cm
• Giga aja: boṣewa 2.4-3.0 m ibugbe, 3.6-4.5 m iṣowo
• Awọn ifẹhinti pupọ: iwaju 6-10 m, ẹgbẹ 1.5-3 m, ẹhin 6-9 m (yatọ nipasẹ agbegbe)
• Awọn iwọn ilẹkun: boṣewa 80 cm × 200 cm, ADA nilo iwọn 81 cm ko o

• Awọn Iwọn Aye

  Radius Equatorial: 6,378 km | Radius Polar: 6,357 km
• Radius Oorun

  696,000 km - 109× radius Aye
• Ẹka Astronomical (AU)

  149.6 milionu km - Ijinna Earth-Oorun

• Ọdun ina (ly)

  9.46 aimọye km - Ijinna ti ina rin ni ọdun kan
• Parsec (pc)

  3.26 ọdun ina - Iwọn parallax astronomical
• Kiloparsec & Megaparsec

  Awọn ijinna Galactic (kpc) ati intergalactic (Mpc)

• Maili Nautical (International)

  1,852 mita - Gangan iṣẹju 1 ti arc ti meridian Earth
• Gigun Cable

  185.2 mita - 1/10th maili nautical fun awọn ijinna kukuru
• Fathom (Nautical)

  1.83 mita - Iwọn ijinle, ti o da lori iwọn apa

• Maili Nautical UK

  1,853.18 mita - Ilana itan Admiralty Ilu Gẹẹsi
• Ajumọṣe Nautical (International)

  5.56 km - Awọn maili nautical 3 aṣa
• Ajumọṣe Nautical (UK)

  5.56 km - Iyatọ Ilu Gẹẹsi, gun diẹ

• Angstrom (Å)

  10⁻¹⁰ m - Radius atomiki, awọn lattice crystal
• Radius Bohr

  5.29×10⁻¹¹ m - Ipo ilẹ atomu haidirojini
• Micron (μ)

  10⁻⁶ m - Orukọ miiran fun micromita

• Fermi (fm)

  10⁻¹⁵ m - Awọn wiwọn iwọn iparun
• Gigun Planck

  1.616255×10⁻³⁵ m - Opin kuatomu ipilẹ (CODATA 2018)
• Radius Electron Ayebaye

  2.82×10⁻¹⁵ m - Iwọn itanna imọ-jinlẹ

• Ẹka X

  1.00×10⁻¹³ m - X-ray crystallography
• A.U. ti Gigun

  Kanna bi radius Bohr - Eto awọn ẹka atomiki
• Paramita Lattice

  3.56×10⁻¹⁰ m - Aaye eto Crystal

• Arpent (Faranse)

  58.5 m - Iwọn ilẹ, tun lo ni Louisiana
• Aln (Sweden)

  59.4 cm - Ẹka gigun Swedish aṣa
• Famn (Sweden)

  1.78 m - Fathom deede, wiwọn iwọn apa
• Archin (Russia)

  71.1 cm - Ẹka boṣewa Imperial Russian

• Ken (Japan)

  2.12 m - Ẹka faaji Japanese aṣa
• Reed & Long Reed

  Awọn ẹka Bibeli atijọ - 2.74m ati 3.20m

• Vara (Awọn oriṣi lọpọlọpọ)

  Awọn gigun oriṣiriṣi: Castellana (83.5cm), Tarea (2.5m)
• Kubit gigun

  53.3 cm - Ẹya ti o gbooro sii ti kubit boṣewa
• Legua (Ajumọṣe)

  4.19 km - Iwọn ijinna ileto Spani
• Estadal

  3.34 m - ọpá iwadii ileto

• Maili Roman

  1,480 m - awọn igbesẹ 1000 (mille passus)
• Actus (Roman)

  35.5 m - Ẹka wiwọn ilẹ
• Passus (Igbesẹ Roman)

  1.48 m - Igbesẹ meji ni irin-ajo Roman

• Kubit (Awọn oriṣi lọpọlọpọ)

  UK: 45.7cm, Greek: 46.3cm - Gigun apa iwaju
• Span & Iwọn ọwọ

  Span: 22.9cm, Iwọn ọwọ: 7.6cm
• Iwọn ika

  1.9 cm - Ẹka Bibeli ti o kere julọ

• Ọwọ

  10.2 cm - Tun lo fun wiwọn awọn ẹṣin
• Ell

  114.3 cm - Ilana wiwọn aṣọ
• Ika & Eekanna (Aṣọ)

  11.4cm ati 5.7cm - Pipe aṣọ

• Mil (Ẹgbẹẹgbẹrun)

  0.0254 mm - 1/1000 inch, sisanra waya & dì
• Microinch

  0.0254 μm - Awọn alaye ipari dada
• Centiinch

  0.254 mm - pipe 1/100 inch

• Kaliba

  0.254 mm - sipesifikesonu iwọn ila opin Bullet
• Gigun Barrel

  406.4 mm - Standard 16-inch ibọn agba
• Rifling Pitch

  254 mm - Yiyi pipe kan fun 10 inches

• Point (pt)

  0.35 mm - Ilana iwọn fonti (1/72 inch)
• Pica (pc)

  4.23 mm - awọn aaye 12, aaye laini
• Twip

  0.018 mm - 1/20 ojuami, pipe sọfitiwia

Apẹrẹ Tẹjade: Awọn aaye ati awọn picas fun iṣakoso ifilelẹ deede

Apẹrẹ wẹẹbu: Awọn aaye fun iwọn fonti, awọn picas fun awọn eto akoj

Sọfitiwia: Awọn Twips fun awọn iṣiro inu ati pipe

• Awọn aaye 72 = 1 inch
• 6 picas = 1 inch
• 20 twips = 1 ojuami
• 1440 twips = 1 inch

Iyatọ bọtini: Awọn ẹka Iwadi AMẸRIKA gun diẹ ju awọn ẹka kariaye lọ

• Ẹsẹ Iwadi

  30.480061 cm vs 30.48 cm (okeere)
• Maili Iwadi

  1,609.347 m vs 1,609.344 m (okeere)

• Chain (Iwadi)

  20.12 m - ẹsẹ iwadii 66, iwadii ilẹ
• Ọna asopọ (Iwadi)

  20.1 cm - 1/100 pq, awọn wiwọn pipe
• Ọpá (Iwadi)

  5.03 m - ẹsẹ iwadii 16.5

• Ofin atanpako

  Ṣe ijabọ awọn abajade pẹlu pipe ti o baamu ohun elo wiwọn rẹ
• Awọn iṣiro

  Pipe abajade ipari ni opin nipasẹ titẹ sii ti o kere julọ
• Imọ-ẹrọ

  Ṣe akiyesi awọn ifarada iṣelọpọ ati awọn ohun-ini ohun elo
• Iwe

  Ṣe igbasilẹ awọn ipo wiwọn ati awọn idiyele aidaniloju

• Mita ≈ Yadi: Mejeeji ~ ẹsẹ 3 (mita gun diẹ)
• "Inch-Centimeter": 1 inch = 2.54 cm (gangan)
• "Maili-Kilomita": maili 1 ≈ 1.6 km, 1 km ≈ maili 0.6
• Iwọn Eniyan: Igbesẹ apapọ ≈ 0.75m, iwọn apa ≈ giga

• Idarudapọ Ẹka: Pato awọn ẹka nigbagbogbo ninu awọn iṣiro
• Pipe eke: Maṣe ṣe ijabọ awọn aaye eleemewa 10 lati wiwọn alakoso
• Ipa iwọn otutu: Awọn ohun elo gbooro / adehun pẹlu iwọn otutu
• Aṣiṣe Parallax: Ka awọn wiwọn ni papẹndikula si iwọn

• ISO 80000: Ilana kariaye fun awọn opoiye ati awọn ẹka
• Awọn Itọsọna NIST: Awọn iṣedede wiwọn AMẸRIKA ati awọn iṣe ti o dara julọ
• BIPM: Ajọ Kariaye ti Awọn iwuwo ati Awọn Iwọn
• Traceability: So awọn wiwọn pọ si awọn iṣedede orilẹ-ede

Pipe ni ikole ṣe idaniloju iduroṣinṣin igbekale, lakoko ti iwadii n fi idi awọn aala ofin ati data igbega mulẹ.

• Awọn koodu ile: ifarada ±3 mm fun irin igbekale, ±6 mm fun gbigbe nja
• Iwadi ilẹ: deede GPS ±5 cm petele, ±10 cm inaro fun iṣẹ aala
• Ifilelẹ ipilẹ: lapapọ deede ibudo si ±2 mm fun awọn aaye oran pataki
• Giga opopona: awọn ipele laser ṣetọju iṣakoso igbega ±1 cm lori awọn akoko 100 m

Awọn ifarada pinnu ibamu, iṣẹ, ati isọdọkan. Awọn onipò ifarada ISO wa lati IT01 (0.3 μm) si IT18 (250 μm).

• Ẹrọ CNC: boṣewa ± 0.025 mm (± 0.001 in), iṣẹ pipe ± 0.005 mm
• Awọn ibamu ti nso: ifarada H7/g6 fun awọn ohun elo gbogbogbo, H6/js5 fun pipe
• Iwe irin: ±0.5 mm fun awọn bends, ±0.1 mm fun gige laser
• Titẹ 3D: FDM ±0.5 mm, SLA ±0.1 mm, deede Layer SLM irin ±0.05 mm

Awọn iwọn boṣewa ṣe idaniloju idije ododo ati ododo igbasilẹ kọja Olympic ati awọn ere idaraya ọjọgbọn.

• Orin & aaye: 400 m ofali ±0.04 m, iwọn ọna 1.22 m (±0.01 m)
• Papa bọọlu: 100-110 m × 64-75 m (FIFA), ibi-afẹde 7.32 m × 2.44 m gangan
• Ile-ẹjọ bọọlu inu agbọn: NBA 28.65 m × 15.24 m, giga rim 3.048 m (±6 mm)
• Awọn adagun odo: Olympic 50 m × 25 m (±0.03 m), iwọn ọna 2.5 m

GPS, GIS, ati aworan agbaye gbarale awọn wiwọn gigun deede fun ipo ati awọn iṣiro ijinna.

• Pipe GPS: ilu ±5 m, WAAS/EGNOS ±1 m, RTK ±2 cm
• Awọn shatti Nautical: awọn ijinle ni awọn mita / fathoms, awọn ijinna ni awọn maili nautical
• Awọn maapu Topographic: awọn aaye arin elegbegbe 5-20 m, iwọn 1:25,000 si 1:50,000
• Lilọ kiri ọkọ ofurufu: Awọn ọna atẹgun ti a ṣalaye nipasẹ awọn maili nautical, awọn giga ni awọn ẹsẹ loke MSL

Lati awọn iho tẹlifisiọnu si awọn ijinna agba aye, awọn wiwọn gigun gbooro si awọn aṣẹ 60+ ti titobi.

• Aperture Telescope: magbowo 100-300 mm, iwadi 8-10 m digi
• Awọn ọna satẹlaiti: LEO 300-2,000 km, giga GEO 35,786 km
• Iwari Exoplanet: ọna irekọja ṣe iwọn awọn iyipada iwọn ila opin irawọ ±0.01%
• Awọn ijinna Galaxy: Ti wọn ni Mpc (megaparsecs), ibakan Hubble ± 2% aidaniloju

Imọ-jinlẹ ti ibi ati ohun elo gbarale pipe sub-micrometer fun aworan sẹẹli ati itupalẹ nanostructure.

• Imọ-ẹrọ maikirosikopu ina: ipinnu ~ 200 nm (opin diffraction), ijinna iṣẹ 0.1-10 mm
• Imọ-ẹrọ maikirosikopu elekitironi: ipinnu SEM 1-5 nm, TEM <0.1 nm fun aworan atomiki
• Awọn wiwọn sẹẹli: kokoro arun 1-10 μm, awọn sẹẹli ẹranko 10-30 μm ni iwọn ila opin
• AFM (Atomic Force): ipinnu Z <0.1 nm, awọn agbegbe ọlọjẹ 100 nm si 100 μm

Iwọn aṣọ, awọn wiwọn aṣọ, ati isọdi apẹrẹ nilo awọn iṣedede gigun deede kọja awọn ẹwọn ipese agbaye.

• Iwọn aṣọ: 110 cm (aṣọ), 140-150 cm (awọn aṣọ ile), 280 cm (awọn aṣọ ibusun)
• Awọn iyọọda Seam: boṣewa 1.5 cm (⅝ in), awọn okun Faranse 6 mm ni ilọpo meji
• Isọdi apẹrẹ: awọn alekun iwọn 5 cm (igbaya / ẹgbẹ-ikun / ibadi) fun aṣọ awọn obinrin
• Kika o tẹle ara: awọn aṣọ-ikele 200-800 awọn okun fun inch kan (giga = weave ti o dara julọ)

Awọn ero ilẹ, awọn iwọn pupọ, ati awọn ibeere ifẹhinti ṣe akoso idagbasoke ohun-ini ati idiyele.

• Awọn ero ilẹ: ti a ya ni iwọn 1:50 tabi 1:100, awọn iwọn yara ± 5 cm
• Giga aja: boṣewa 2.4-3.0 m ibugbe, 3.6-4.5 m iṣowo
• Awọn ifẹhinti pupọ: iwaju 6-10 m, ẹgbẹ 1.5-3 m, ẹhin 6-9 m (yatọ nipasẹ agbegbe)
• Awọn iwọn ilẹkun: boṣewa 80 cm × 200 cm, ADA nilo iwọn 81 cm ko o

AMẸRIKA nlo eto meji. Imọ-jinlẹ, oogun, ologun, ati iṣelọpọ lo metiriki pupọ. Awọn ohun elo olumulo wa ni ijọba nitori awọn idiyele amayederun, imọ aṣa, ati iseda mimu ti awọn iyipada eto wiwọn.

Lo mnemonic: 'Ọba Henry Ku Nipa Mimu Wara Chocolate' fun kilo-, hecto-, deka-, ipilẹ, deci-, centi-, milli-. Igbesẹ kọọkan jẹ ×10 tabi ÷10. Dojukọ awọn ti a nlo ni igbagbogbo: kilo (×1000), centi (÷100), milli (÷1000).

Pipe jẹ atunṣe (awọn abajade deede). Pipe jẹ otitọ (iye otitọ). O le jẹ pipe ṣugbọn kii ṣe deede (aṣiṣe eto), tabi deede ṣugbọn kii ṣe deede (aṣiṣe laileto). Awọn wiwọn to dara nilo mejeeji.

Awọn alakoso: ±1mm, lilo gbogbogbo. Awọn calipers: ±0.1mm, awọn nkan kekere. Awọn micromita: ±0.01mm, iṣẹ pipe. Awọn ijinna Laser: ±1mm, awọn ijinna pipẹ. Yan da lori pipe ti o nilo ati iwọn ohun kan ati iraye si.

Baramu pipe si idi: ikole ± 3mm, ẹrọ ± 0.1mm, iwadii imọ-jinlẹ ± 0.001mm tabi dara julọ. Pipe ti o pọ ju akoko ati owo lọ, pipe ti ko to fa awọn ikuna. Ṣe akiyesi awọn ibeere ifarada ati agbara wiwọn.

Idarudapọ awọn iyipada agbegbe/iwọn didun (1m² = 10,000cm² kii ṣe 100cm²), dapọ awọn eto ẹka ni aarin-iṣiro, gbagbe awọn nọmba pataki, lilo awọn ifosiwewe iyipada ti ko tọ (5280 ft/mi vs 1760 yd/mi), ati pe ko ṣayẹwo oye idahun ipari.